Know Your Laws | Free Legal Knowledge by BRAC

The New Criminal Laws (From July 1, 2024)
India replaced its old British-era criminal laws with three new ones:

BNS: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita

What it is: The main law that defines crimes and their punishments.
What it replaced: The Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860.
In Short: It is the rulebook for what is a crime and what is the punishment.

BNSS: Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita

What it is: The law that lays down the procedure for investigation, trial, and bail.
What it replaced: The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973.
In Short: It is the rulebook for how the police, and courts will work in a criminal case.

BSA: Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

What it is: The law that deals with the rules of evidence (what proof is acceptable in court).
What it replaced: The Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
In Short: It is the rulebook for what counts as proof in a court of law.

The Constitution of India

What it is: The supreme, fundamental law of India. It is the highest rulebook for the country.
In Short: It is the master plan of India. It defines:
The structure of the government (Parliament, Courts, etc.).
The powers and duties of the government.
The Fundamental Rights of every citizen (like Right to Equality, Freedom of Speech).
The Fundamental Duties of every citizen.

Types of Offences

Cognizable Offence

In Short: A serious crime.
Key Point: Police can arrest without a warrant and can start an investigation without the court’s permission.
Examples: Murder, Rape, Theft, Robbery.

Non-Cognizable Offence

In Short: A less serious crime.
Key Point: Police cannot arrest without a warrant and cannot investigate without the court’s order.
Examples: Simple Assault, Defamation, Cheating.

Types of Bail

Bailable Offence

In Short: Getting bail is a right.
Key Point: If the accused is arrested, they have the right to be released on bail by the police or court. It is usually granted for less serious crimes.
Example: Being part of an unlawful assembly.

Non-Bailable Offence

In Short: Getting bail is not a right, but a privilege granted by the court.
Key Point: The accused cannot claim bail as a right. The court decides based on the facts of the case. It is for serious crimes.
Example: Murder, Rape, Dowry Death.

Quick Summary Table

Term	Meaning	Key Point
BNS	New Penal Code	Defines crimes & punishments. Replaced IPC.
BNSS	New Criminal Procedure	How police & courts work. Replaced CrPC.
BSA	New Evidence Act	What counts as proof in court. Replaced Evidence Act.
Constitution	Supreme Law of India	The master rulebook for the country.
Cognizable	Serious Crime	Police can arrest without a warrant.
Non-Cognizable	Less Serious Crime	Police need a warrant to arrest.
Bailable	Bail is a Right	Granted for less serious crimes.
Non-Bailable	Bail is Court’s Decision	For serious crimes; court decides.

Category 1: Violence Against Women and Children

1. Rape: Laws, Penalties and Victim Rights

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone forces a woman or girl to have sexual intercourse against her will, or without her proper consent. This is one of the most serious crimes in India.
BNS Section: 63-64
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence)
Special Act: Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment (remainder of natural life)
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim (BNS does not specify minimum/maximum amounts – determined by court based on victim’s actual expenses)

2. Gang Rape: Legal Framework and Punishment

Meaning: In simple words, this means when two or more persons together commit rape on a woman or girl. This is even more serious than rape by one person and carries harsher punishment.
BNS Section: 70
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 20 years, may extend to life imprisonment (remainder of natural life) or death
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim (BNS does not specify minimum/maximum amounts – determined by court based on victim’s actual expenses)

3. Marital Rape During Separation: Spousal Sexual Offences

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a husband forces his wife to have sexual intercourse when they are living separately under a court order or legal separation. During marriage, this is not considered rape in India, but during separation it is a crime.
BNS Section: 67
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence)
Special Act: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment which shall not be less than 2 years but which may extend to 7 years
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

4. Sexual Exploitation by Authority Figures: Abuse of Power Cases

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a person in a position of power or authority (like a boss, teacher, doctor, police officer, or guardian) uses that power to force or trick someone into having sexual intercourse. They misuse their position of trust.
BNS Section: 68
Constitution Article: 14-15
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 5 years, may extend to 10 years
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

5. Sexual Intercourse Through Deceit: Consent Through Deception

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a man tricks or deceives a woman into having sexual intercourse by making false promises (like promising to marry her but having no intention to do so, or hiding his real identity or marital status).
BNS Section: 69
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

6. Repeat Sexual Offenders: Habitual Offender Provisions

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone who has already been convicted (found guilty) of rape or sexual offences commits rape again. Such repeat offenders get the harshest punishment because they did not learn from their first punishment.
BNS Section: 71
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Life imprisonment (imprisonment for remainder of natural life) or death
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

7. Rape Victim Identity Protection: Privacy Safeguards

Meaning: In simple words, this means it is a crime to reveal the name, address, photo, or any information that can identify a rape victim. This protects the victim’s privacy and dignity. Anyone who reveals such information can be punished.
BNS Section: 72
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Identity protection provisions), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 124-139 (Witness protection)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

8. Media Restrictions in Rape Cases: Publication Limitations

Meaning: In simple words, this means newspapers, TV channels, websites, and social media cannot publish any details that can identify a rape victim. They cannot print her name, photo, or interview her without permission. Violating this is a crime.
BNS Section: 73
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: 184 (Media restrictions), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 124-139 (Witness protection)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

9. Aggravated Rape Cases: Enhanced Punishment Scenarios

Meaning: In simple words, this means rape cases that are more serious because of certain circumstances – like raping a pregnant woman, a woman under 16 years, a woman with mental or physical disability, or raping repeatedly. These cases get harsher punishment.
BNS Section: 65
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim (BNS does not specify minimum/maximum amounts – determined by court)

10. Rape Causing Death or Vegetative State: Maximum Penalty

Meaning: In simple words, this means when rape causes the victim to die or puts her in a permanent unconscious state (vegetative state) where she cannot function normally. This gets the maximum punishment including death penalty.
BNS Section: 66
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination), 173-187 (Investigation), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 114-119 (Expert medical evidence), 39-45 (Expert opinion)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 20 years, may extend to life imprisonment (remainder of natural life) or death
Fine: Shall also be liable to fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim (BNS does not specify minimum/maximum amounts – determined by court)

11. Outraging Modesty of Women: Physical Assault with Intent

Meaning: In simple words, this means any act that violates a woman’s dignity and makes her feel ashamed or insulted – like touching her inappropriately, making vulgar gestures, showing private parts, or using criminal force with the intention to outrage her modesty.
BNS Section: 74
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor), Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment from 1 year to 5 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

12. Sexual Harassment: Workplace and Public Harassment

Meaning: In simple words, this means unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, making sexual remarks, showing pornographic content, or any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature at workplace or in public places.
BNS Section: 75
Constitution Article: 15
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment up to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

13. Assault to Disrobe Women: Forcible Undressing

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone forcibly tries to remove or tear off a woman’s clothes with the intention of making her naked or exposing her body. This is a very serious assault on a woman’s dignity.
BNS Section: 76
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 3 years to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

14. Voyeurism: Privacy Violation Through Observation

Meaning: In simple words, this means secretly watching or capturing images/videos of a woman when she is doing private acts (like changing clothes, bathing) or in a situation where she expects privacy. This includes hidden cameras in bathrooms, changing rooms, or bedrooms.
BNS Section: 77
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Electronic/digital evidence)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000 (if digital)
Bail: Bailable (first conviction), Non-Bailable (subsequent)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (first conviction), imprisonment up to 7 years (subsequent conviction)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

15. Stalking: Persistent Following or Monitoring

Meaning: In simple words, this means repeatedly following a woman, trying to contact her against her wish, watching or spying on her, or monitoring her internet/email/social media use in a way that makes her feel afraid or harassed.
BNS Section: 78
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable (first conviction), Non-Bailable (subsequent)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (first conviction), imprisonment up to 5 years (subsequent conviction)
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

16. Dowry Death: Death Within Seven Years of Marriage

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a married woman dies under unnatural circumstances soon after her marriage (courts usually examine deaths within 7 years of marriage for this law), and before her death she was being harassed or tortured by her husband or his family for dowry (money or gifts demanded from bride’s family). The law creates a presumption that the husband/family is responsible and they must prove their innocence.
BNS Section: 80
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 184 (Medical examination), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 104-120 (Burden of proof – presumption under Section 80), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment not less than 7 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: BNS Section 80 does not specify fine. Court may impose fine at discretion as part of sentence. (Note: Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 Section 3 provides imprisonment up to 5 years and fine up to Rs. 15,000 for taking/giving dowry, but this is a separate offence from dowry death)

17. Domestic Violence: Cruelty by Husband and Relatives

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a husband or his family members hurt a woman physically or mentally through repeated harassment, torture, or cruel treatment that drives her to suicide or causes serious injury to her life, health or safety.
BNS Section: 85-86
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

18. Cohabitation Through Deceit: False Marriage Promises

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a man has sexual intercourse with a woman by making her believe he will marry her, but he never had any real intention to marry her. He deceived her just to have sexual relations.
BNS Section: 81
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

19. Bigamy: Marrying During Subsisting Marriage

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a person who is already married gets married again while the first marriage is still valid (not divorced or deceased spouse). Having two legal spouses at the same time is illegal in India (except for Muslims under personal law).
BNS Section: 82
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence – marriage certificates)
Special Act: Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Special Marriage Act 1954
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

20. Fraudulent Marriage Ceremony: Sham Marriages

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone performs a fake marriage ceremony with a person, making them believe it is a real legal marriage, but the ceremony has no legal value. The person is tricked into believing they are married when they are not.
BNS Section: 83
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

21. Abduction of Married Women: Taking Away with Criminal Intent

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone forcibly takes away or entices away a married woman from her husband or guardian with the intention of having sexual intercourse with her or making her marry someone else.
BNS Section: 84
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

22. Kidnapping for Forced Marriage: Abduction to Compel Marriage

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone kidnaps or forcibly takes away another person with the intention of forcing them to marry someone against their will, or to force them into sexual slavery. This is common in cases where girls are kidnapped to force them to marry.
BNS Section: 87
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006 (if minor victim)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

23. Causing Miscarriage: Illegal Abortion Provisions

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone causes a pregnant woman to lose her baby (abortion/miscarriage) without following proper legal procedures. In India, abortion is legal only in certain circumstances and must be done by registered doctors in approved facilities.
BNS Section: 88
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

24. Forced Abortion: Miscarriage Without Consent

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone forces a pregnant woman to have an abortion against her will. This often happens when families force women to abort female fetuses (sex-selective abortion) or when a woman is forced to abort because she is unmarried or her family doesn’t want the child.
BNS Section: 89
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 184 (Medical examination), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971, Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act 1994
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

25. Death Through Abortion Attempt: Fatal Consequences

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone tries to cause a woman to have an abortion (miscarriage) and as a result, the woman dies. This can happen through unsafe abortion procedures or giving harmful medicines or substances to cause miscarriage.
BNS Section: 90
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 184 (Medical examination), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

26. Infanticide: Preventing Live Birth as Crime

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone does something to prevent a baby from being born alive, or kills a baby during or immediately after birth. This is often done to baby girls in some communities, which is called female infanticide.
BNS Section: 91
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 184 (Medical examination), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

27. Child Abandonment: Exposure of Children Under 12

Meaning: In simple words, this means when parents or guardians leave a child under 12 years old in a dangerous place (like on the roadside, railway station, or jungle) where the child could die or get seriously hurt. This includes leaving babies in dustbins or outside temples.
BNS Section: 93
Constitution Article: 21 & 24
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

28. Concealing Birth: Secret Disposal of Dead Body

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone secretly hides or disposes of a dead baby’s body to hide the fact that a baby was born. This is often done to hide an unwanted pregnancy or an illegal birth.
BNS Section: 94
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

29. Child Labour: Employment of Minors in Crime

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone uses or employs a child (under 18 years) to commit crimes or help in criminal activities – like making them steal, beg forcibly, sell drugs, or work in dangerous illegal businesses.
BNS Section: 95
Constitution Article: 24
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986, Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

30. Child Trafficking: Procuration for Exploitation

Meaning: In simple words, this means buying, selling, or transporting children (under 18 years) to exploit them – for sexual slavery, forced labor, begging, organ removal, or any other illegal purpose. This is like treating children as goods to be sold.
BNS Section: 96
Constitution Article: 23-24
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, POCSO Act 2012, Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

31. Child Kidnapping: Abduction of Children Under 10

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone takes away a child under 10 years old from the care of their lawful guardian (parents or legal guardian) without their permission. This includes stealing babies from hospitals or taking children from schools or playgrounds.
BNS Section: 97
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

32. Child Sex Trafficking: Selling Children for Prostitution

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone sells or hands over a child (under 18 years) to another person knowing that the child will be used for prostitution or sexual exploitation. This includes parents selling their children or agents recruiting children for sex work.
BNS Section: 98
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012, Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

33. Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Buying Children for Prostitution

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone buys or receives a child (under 18 years) knowing that the child will be used for prostitution or sexual exploitation. This covers those who create the demand for child sex trafficking by buying children.
BNS Section: 99
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012, Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

34. Child Marriage: Legal Framework and Prohibition

Meaning: In simple words, this means marrying a girl before she turns 18 years or marrying a boy before he turns 21 years. Child marriage is illegal in India. Adults who arrange, perform, or participate in child marriages can be punished. The marriage can also be canceled.
BNS Section: N/A (No BNS provision – covered only by special act)
Constitution Article: 21 & 24
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence – age proof certificates)
Special Act: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006
Bail: Non-Bailable (for Section 9 – male adult marrying child); Bailable (for Section 10, 11 – promoting/permitting)
Cognizability: Cognizable

Punishment:
Section 9 (Male adult marrying child): Rigorous imprisonment up to 2 years
Section 10 (Solemnizing child marriage): Rigorous imprisonment up to 2 years
Section 11 (Promoting/permitting child marriage): Simple imprisonment up to 3 months and/or fine up to Rs. 1,00,000
Section 12 (Parent/guardian permitting): Fine up to Rs. 1,00,000

Fine:
Section 9: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 or both
Section 10: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 or both
Section 11: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 or both
Section 12: Up to Rs. 1,00,000

35. Insult to Modesty: Verbal and Gestural Offences

Meaning: In simple words, this means using words, sounds, or gestures intended to insult a woman’s modesty – like making vulgar comments, obscene gestures, catcalling, or eve-teasing. This is when the act doesn’t involve physical contact but still harasses the woman.
BNS Section: 79
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 2: Crimes Against Life and Physical Integrity

36. Murder: Intentional Killing and Legal Consequences

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone intentionally kills another person with the knowledge that their action will cause death. This is the most serious crime related to taking someone’s life and carries the death penalty or life in prison.
BNS Section: 101-103
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial procedures)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion – autopsy reports)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death penalty or life imprisonment (imprisonment for remainder of natural life)
Fine: BNS Section 103 does not specify fine. Court may impose fine at discretion

37. Culpable Homicide: Manslaughter vs Murder

Meaning: In simple words, this means causing someone’s death when you knew your actions could cause death, but you didn’t specifically intend to kill them. It’s less serious than murder. For example, hitting someone in a fight and they die, but you didn’t plan to kill them.
BNS Section: 100 & 105
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

38. Death by Negligence: Accidental Death Provisions

Meaning: In simple words, this means causing someone’s death through careless or negligent behavior (not intentionally). For example, a doctor who makes a careless mistake during surgery, or a driver who causes a fatal accident by not paying attention.
BNS Section: 106
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert opinion)
Special Act: Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (if road accident)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

39. Abetment of Suicide: Legal Implications

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone instigates, encourages, helps, or forces another person to commit suicide. For example, continuously torturing or harassing someone until they kill themselves, or helping someone plan how to commit suicide.
BNS Section: 108
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Mental Healthcare Act 2017
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

40. Child and Vulnerable Person Suicide: Abetment Laws

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone instigates or helps a child (under 18 years), mentally ill person, or intoxicated person to commit suicide. Since these are vulnerable people who cannot make proper decisions, the law treats this very seriously.
BNS Section: 107
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if minor), Mental Healthcare Act 2017
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

41. Attempt to Murder: Incomplete Murder Provisions

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone tries to kill another person but fails. For example, shooting at someone but missing, or giving poison that didn’t kill the person. Even though the person survived, the attempt to murder is still a serious crime.
BNS Section: 109
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion if hurt caused)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years and with fine. If hurt is caused: life imprisonment or imprisonment up to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine
Fine: And with fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

42. Honor Killing: Unlawful Taking of Life

Meaning: In simple words, this means killing a family member (usually a daughter, son, or sister) because they married someone from a different caste, religion, or against family’s wishes, or because they did something the family considers as bringing “dishonor” to the family name. This is murder and is illegal.
BNS Section: 101-103
Constitution Article: 14 & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death penalty or life imprisonment
Fine: BNS Section 103 does not specify fine. Court may impose fine at discretion

43. Mercy Killing: Euthanasia and Legal Framework

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally ending someone’s life to relieve them from unbearable suffering or pain (usually in case of terminal illness with no hope of recovery). In India, active euthanasia (giving injection to kill) is illegal, but passive euthanasia (removing life support) is legal in certain conditions.
BNS Section: 100-101 (If prosecuted as culpable homicide/murder)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion), 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Mental Healthcare Act 2017, Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Life imprisonment or imprisonment up to 10 years (if culpable homicide); Death or life imprisonment (if murder)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

44. Mob Lynching: Collective Violence and Justice

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a crowd of people (mob) attacks and kills a person based on suspicion, rumor, or hatred (often related to religion, caste, or cow protection). The mob takes law into their own hands instead of letting police and courts handle the matter. This is murder by a group.
BNS Section: 101-103 (Murder) & 191 (Rioting)
Constitution Article: 14 & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 (if victim belongs to SC/ST)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death penalty or life imprisonment (for murder); imprisonment up to 2 years (for rioting)
Fine: Court may impose fine at discretion

45. Encounter Killings: Extrajudicial Executions

Meaning: In simple words, this means when police or security forces kill someone claiming it was in “self-defense” or during an “encounter,” but investigation shows the killing was planned or the person was not actually attacking. Fake encounters are murders committed by police officers.
BNS Section: 101-103
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert opinion – ballistic/autopsy reports)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death penalty or life imprisonment
Fine: BNS Section 103 does not specify fine. Court may impose fine at discretion

46. Custodial Deaths: Deaths in Police and Judicial Custody

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a person dies while in police custody (police station, lock-up) or judicial custody (jail) due to torture, beating, or neglect by police or jail authorities. Every custodial death must be thoroughly investigated.
BNS Section: 101-103
Constitution Article: 21 & 22
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion – mandatory autopsy)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death penalty or life imprisonment
Fine: BNS Section 103 does not specify fine. Court may impose fine at discretion

47. Acid Attacks: Grievous Hurt Using Corrosive Substances

Meaning: In simple words, this means throwing acid or any corrosive chemical substance on someone with the intention to disfigure them, burn them, or cause permanent damage. Acid attacks usually target face and cause lifelong scars and disability. This is one of the most heinous crimes.
BNS Section: 124
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 184 (Medical examination), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: Fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses of treatment of the victim and rehabilitation. Such fine shall be paid to the victim (BNS does not specify minimum/maximum amounts – determined by court based on victim’s actual medical expenses)

48. Grievous Hurt: Serious Bodily Injury Laws

Meaning: In simple words, this means causing serious injuries to someone like: breaking bones, damaging eyes/ears resulting in vision/hearing loss, permanent disfigurement, severe burns, damage to internal organs, or any injury that puts life in danger or causes person to suffer severe pain for 20 days or more.
BNS Section: 116-117
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

49. Voluntarily Causing Hurt: Intentional Physical Harm

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally hitting, slapping, pushing, or hurting someone physically (but not causing serious injuries). This includes minor injuries like bruises, cuts, swelling. This is less serious than grievous hurt.
BNS Section: 115
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 10,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 10,000)

50. Assault with Dangerous Weapons: Weapon-Based Violence

Meaning: In simple words, this means using dangerous weapons or instruments (like knife, stick, rod, acid, fire, or anything that can cause hurt) to attack or threaten someone. Even if no injury is caused, using a weapon makes the assault more serious.
BNS Section: 118
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence – weapon license/forensic reports)
Special Act: Arms Act 1959
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

51. Torture for Confession: Hurt to Extort Confession

Meaning: In simple words, this means torturing or beating someone to force them to confess to a crime or admit something. This is often done by police during interrogation. Such confessions obtained through torture are not valid in court, and the torturer can be punished.
BNS Section: 120
Constitution Article: 20(3) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 181 (Protection against self-incrimination), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 15-25 (Confessions and admissions), 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

52. Torture for Extortion: Hurt to Extort Property

Meaning: In simple words, this means hurting or torturing someone to force them to give money, property, or valuable things. For example, kidnappers beating a kidnapped person to force family to pay ransom, or criminals torturing shopkeepers to extract protection money.
BNS Section: 119
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

53. Assault on Public Servants: Violence Against Officials

Meaning: In simple words, this means attacking or using force against government officials (like police, judges, doctors in government hospitals, tax officers, municipal workers) when they are doing their duty. Attacking public servants gets extra punishment because it obstructs government work.
BNS Section: 121
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

54. Poisoning: Using Poison as Weapon

Meaning: In simple words, this means giving someone poison, or any harmful substance (through food, drink, or medicine) with the intention to hurt them or cause them harm. This includes mixing poison in food or drink to harm or kill someone.
BNS Section: 123
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert forensic/toxicology opinion)
Special Act: Poison Act 1919
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

55. Endangering Life and Safety: Reckless Endangerment

Meaning: In simple words, this means doing something rashly or negligently that puts other people’s lives or safety in danger, but doesn’t actually result in injury or death. For example, driving dangerously on a crowded street but not hitting anyone, or leaving a dangerous pit open where people walk.
BNS Section: 125
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 250 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 250)

56. Medical Negligence: Death by Healthcare Negligence

Meaning: In simple words, this means a patient died because the people looking after them (like doctors or nurses) made a big mistake that a careful professional would not have made. This is not about failed treatment, but about careless mistakes like wrong surgery, wrong medicine, or not providing timely care.
BNS Section: 106
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Consumer Protection Act 2019, Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act 2010
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

57. Industrial Accidents: Workplace Safety Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone dies in a factory or workplace accident because the employer or management did not follow proper safety rules – like not providing safety equipment, having dangerous machinery without guards, poor building structure, or ignoring safety warnings.
BNS Section: 106
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert opinion – safety audit reports)
Special Act: Factories Act 1948, Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

58. Road Accidents: Rash and Negligent Driving

Meaning: In simple words, this means causing an accident on the road by driving rashly (too fast, overtaking dangerously, jumping signals) or negligently (not paying attention, talking on phone while driving, drunk driving) that endangers other people’s lives.
BNS Section: 281
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert opinion – accident reconstruction)
Special Act: Motor Vehicles Act 1988
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 1,000 under BNS; Motor Vehicles Act 1988 has separate penalties)

59. Police Brutality: Excessive Use of Force

Meaning: In simple words, this means when police officers use unnecessary or excessive violence against citizens – like beating someone during arrest without reason, torturing suspects in custody, or using force beyond what is needed to control a situation. Police must use only reasonable force.
BNS Section: 115-117 (Voluntarily causing hurt/grievous hurt)
Constitution Article: 21 & 22
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (for grievous hurt)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

60. Third Degree Torture: Illegal Interrogation Methods

Meaning: In simple words, this means using torture methods during police interrogation to extract confessions or information – like beating, electric shocks, hanging upside down, sleep deprivation, or psychological torture. All such methods are illegal and any confession obtained through torture is invalid in court.
BNS Section: 120 (Hurt to extort confession)
Constitution Article: 20(3) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 181 (Protection against self-incrimination), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 15-25 (Confessions – inadmissible if forced), 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

61. Wrongful Restraint: Preventing Movement

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone intentionally prevents another person from going where they have a right to go – like blocking someone’s path, locking gates to prevent exit, or physically stopping someone from moving freely (but without completely confining them).
BNS Section: 126
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 1 month
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 5,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 5,000)

62. Wrongful Confinement: Illegal Detention

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone completely prevents another person from leaving a place – like locking someone in a room, house, or any enclosed space against their will. This is more serious than wrongful restraint because the person is completely confined.
BNS Section: 127
Constitution Article: 21 & 22
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 5,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 5,000)

63. Unlawful Imprisonment: Deprivation of Liberty

Meaning: In simple words, this means wrongfully confining someone for a longer period or in more serious circumstances – like keeping someone locked up for days, or confining them in a way that causes suffering or to extort ransom. This gets harsher punishment than simple wrongful confinement.
BNS Section: 127 (with aggravating circumstances)
Constitution Article: 21 & 22
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years (if confined for 3+ days or in aggravated circumstances)
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

64. Criminal Force: Unlawful Use of Force

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone intentionally uses force against another person without their consent and with the intent to harm them, cause fear, or annoy them – like pushing, shoving, or touching someone inappropriately without actually causing injury.
BNS Section: 129
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 500 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 500)

65. Assault and Battery: Physical Attack Laws

Meaning: In simple words, assault means making threatening gestures or preparations to use criminal force (like raising hand to hit), while battery means actually using that force. Together they cover both the threat and act of physical violence, even if no serious injury is caused.
BNS Section: 130-131
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 500 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 500)

66. Assault for Humiliation: Assault to Dishonour

Meaning: In simple words, this means assaulting or using criminal force on someone with the specific intention to dishonor, insult, or humiliate them publicly – like slapping someone in public, pulling their clothes, or spitting on them to cause shame. The intention to humiliate makes it more serious.
BNS Section: 133
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

67. Provoked Assault: Self-Defense Provisions

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone assaults another person because they were provoked (made very angry) by that person’s actions or words, but the response was not in self-defense. The law gives lesser punishment because there was provocation, but it’s still a crime because the response was excessive.
BNS Section: 122 & 136
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 month
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 1,000)

68. Organized Crime: Syndicated Criminal Activities

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a group of people (organized gang or syndicate) work together continuously to commit serious crimes like murder, kidnapping, extortion, drug trafficking, or land grabbing for economic gain. These are professional criminals who run crime like a business.
BNS Section: 111
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine, and property used in organized crime shall be liable for confiscation

69. Petty Organized Crime: Minor Gang Activities

Meaning: In simple words, this means organized criminal activities that are less serious than major organized crime – like groups repeatedly committing theft, pick-pocketing, chain snatching, or small-scale extortion as a regular activity. Even though crimes are smaller, the organized nature makes it serious.
BNS Section: 112
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

70. Terrorism: Definition and Punishment

Meaning: In simple words, this means committing violent acts with the intention to threaten the unity, integrity, or security of India, create terror in people, or harm the economic security of the country – like bomb blasts, armed attacks, hijacking, or any act intended to create widespread fear among citizens.
BNS Section: 113
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert opinion)
Special Act: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine, and property used in terrorism shall be liable for confiscation

71. Wrongful Confinement for Extortion: Kidnapping for Ransom

Meaning: In simple words, this means confining or imprisoning someone (kidnapping them) and demanding money or property from their family or friends for their release. This is commonly known as kidnapping for ransom and is a very serious crime.
BNS Section: 140 (Kidnapping for ransom)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 3: Human Trafficking and Slavery

72. Human Trafficking: Commercial Exploitation of Persons

Meaning: In simple words, this means recruiting, transporting, buying, selling, or harboring people (adults or children) for the purpose of exploiting them – for sex work, forced labor, slavery, organ removal, or any form of exploitation. It’s like treating human beings as goods to be traded.
BNS Section: 143
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 7 years, may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

73. Sex Trafficking: Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation

Meaning: In simple words, this means buying, selling, or transporting people (especially women and children) specifically for sexual exploitation – forcing them into prostitution, sex slavery, or pornography. This is one of the worst forms of human trafficking.
BNS Section: 143 (Trafficking for sexual exploitation)
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, POCSO Act 2012 (if minor)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

74. Labor Trafficking: Forced Labor and Exploitation

Meaning: In simple words, this means recruiting or transporting people and forcing them to work against their will without proper wages – like forcing people to work in factories, farms, construction sites, or homes under threat or debt bondage. The person cannot leave even if they want to.
BNS Section: 143 (Trafficking for forced labor)
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976, Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 7 years, may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

75. Organ Trafficking: Human Trafficking for Organs

Meaning: In simple words, this means buying, selling, or transporting people to illegally remove their organs (like kidneys, eyes, liver) for transplant into others. Poor people are often tricked or forced into giving their organs, or organs are taken without their knowledge.
BNS Section: 143 (Trafficking for organ removal)
Constitution Article: 21 & 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act 1994
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

76. Trafficking for Begging: Exploitation of Disabled Persons

Meaning: In simple words, this means kidnapping or buying people (especially children or disabled persons), sometimes intentionally maiming them (breaking limbs, blinding eyes), and forcing them to beg on streets while the trafficker takes all the money. This is extremely cruel exploitation.
BNS Section: 139 (Kidnapping/maiming for begging)
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion if maimed)
Special Act: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment which shall not be less than 10 years but may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

77. Child Labor Trafficking: Trafficking for Child Labour

Meaning: In simple words, this means recruiting, transporting, or selling children to force them to work in dangerous or exploitative conditions – like making them work in factories, brick kilns, carpet weaving, domestic work, or hazardous industries. Children are trafficked because they are easy to control and can be paid less.
BNS Section: 143 (Trafficking of children for labor)
Constitution Article: 23 & 24
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 397-401 (Victim compensation)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986, Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

78. Bonded Labour: Modern Slavery in India

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone is forced to work to pay off a debt (real or fake) and cannot leave until the debt is paid. The employer keeps adding interest and deductions so the debt never ends, and the person becomes a virtual slave. This is illegal and the debt is not valid in law.
BNS Section: 146 (Unlawful compulsory labor)
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which shall not be less than 1 year but may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

79. Forced Labour: Unlawful Compulsory Labour

Meaning: In simple words, this means forcing someone to work against their will by using threat, violence, or taking advantage of their vulnerable situation (like holding their documents, threatening to report to police, or threatening their family). Every person has the right to choose whether to work or not.
BNS Section: 146
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 20,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 20,000)

80. Debt Bondage: Economic Exploitation

Meaning: In simple words, this means a type of forced labor where a person is made to work to repay a loan (often a small loan taken for emergency), but the employer/moneylender manipulates accounts so the debt keeps increasing and the person can never repay it, essentially becoming enslaved for life.
BNS Section: 146
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

81. Habitual Dealing in Slaves: Slavery as Business

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone makes it their regular business to buy, sell, or trade in slaves – treating slavery as a commercial activity. This includes people who repeatedly buy and sell bonded laborers, sex slaves, or trafficked persons as their source of income.
BNS Section: 145
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

82. Exploitation of Trafficked Persons: Using Victims

Meaning: In simple words, this means knowingly using or benefiting from the services of a person who has been trafficked – like hiring a trafficked person as domestic worker, using trafficked children for begging, or patronizing brothels with trafficked women. Even if you didn’t traffic them yourself, exploiting them is a crime.
BNS Section: 144
Constitution Article: 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 5 years, may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

83. Blood Farming: Illegal Blood and Organ Harvesting

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally extracting blood or organs from people (often poor or vulnerable) to sell for profit – running illegal blood banks, selling blood/organs on black market, or keeping people captive to repeatedly extract their blood. This exploits desperate people who sell their body parts for money.
BNS Section: 143 (Trafficking for organ/blood extraction)
Constitution Article: 21 & 23
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act 1994, Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to life imprisonment
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 4: Kidnapping and Abduction

84. Kidnapping: Legal Definition and Types

Meaning: In simple words, this means taking away a minor (child under 18 years, whether boy or girl) from their lawful guardian without permission, or taking away a person of unsound mind from their lawful guardian. Kidnapping can happen even without force if the person is a minor or mentally ill. The law protects children and mentally ill persons by making it a crime to take them away from their legal guardians.
BNS Section: 137
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

85. Abduction: Forcibly Taking or Enticing Persons

Meaning: In simple words, this means forcibly taking someone or using tricks/persuasion to take someone from one place to another against their will or against the will of their guardian. Unlike kidnapping, abduction can apply to adults too and focuses on the act of forcibly moving someone.
BNS Section: 138
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

86. Kidnapping for Ransom: Extortion Through Abduction

Meaning: In simple words, this means kidnapping or abducting someone and then demanding money (ransom) from their family or friends for their safe release or threatening to kill/hurt them if ransom is not paid. This gets the most severe punishment including death penalty.
BNS Section: 140
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

87. Kidnapping for Murder: Aggravated Kidnapping

Meaning: In simple words, this means kidnapping someone with the intention of murdering them or putting them in danger of being murdered. This also covers cases where the kidnapped person is actually killed. This crime gets the harshest punishment.
BNS Section: 140
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Expert medical opinion if murder occurs)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

88. Kidnapping Children from Lawful Guardianship

Meaning: In simple words, this means taking a child away from their parents or legal guardians without permission – this includes cases where children are stolen from hospitals, taken from schools, or enticed away from homes. Even if no force is used, taking a minor without guardian’s permission is kidnapping.
BNS Section: 137
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

89. Wrongfully Concealing Kidnapped Person: Harboring Victims

Meaning: In simple words, this means knowingly hiding or keeping a person whom you know has been kidnapped, or not reporting to authorities that you know someone has been kidnapped. Even if you didn’t do the kidnapping yourself, hiding a kidnapped person makes you guilty.
BNS Section: 142
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

90. Missing Persons: Rights and Investigation Procedures

Meaning: In simple words, this refers to cases where someone goes missing and family doesn’t know if they were kidnapped, ran away, or met with an accident. Police must register FIR immediately and start investigation. Families have the right to quick police action and regular updates about the investigation.
BNS Section: 137-142 (Various kidnapping/abduction sections may apply)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 173-187 (Investigation procedures for missing persons)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable (if kidnapping is suspected)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Depends on what happened – if kidnapping proven: imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

91. Parental Kidnapping: Custody Disputes and Abduction

Meaning: In simple words, this means when one parent (usually during separation or divorce) takes the child away from the other parent who has legal custody, without permission. Even though you are the child’s parent, if court has given custody to the other parent, taking the child away is kidnapping.
BNS Section: 137 (Kidnapping from lawful guardianship)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Court custody orders)
Special Act: Guardians and Wards Act 1890
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 5: Fundamental Rights and Equality

92. Right to Equality: Article 14 of Indian Constitution

Meaning: In simple words, this means every person in India is equal before the law and has equal protection of laws. The government cannot discriminate between people and must treat similar situations similarly. Rich or poor, powerful or weak, everyone gets equal treatment under law.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right, not criminal offence)
Constitution Article: 14
BNSS Section: All procedural laws must follow equality principle
BSA Section: All evidence rules apply equally to all persons
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right – if violated, can be enforced through courts)
Fine: N/A

93. Prohibition of Discrimination: Article 15 Protection

Meaning: In simple words, this means the government cannot discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. No one can be denied access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, places of public entertainment, or public wells, tanks, roads just because of their religion, caste, or gender.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right, not criminal offence)
Constitution Article: 15
BNSS Section: All procedures must be non-discriminatory
BSA Section: All evidence rules apply equally regardless of religion, caste, sex
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right – if violated, can be enforced through courts)
Fine: N/A

94. Gender Equality: Women’s Rights Under Law

Meaning: In simple words, this means women have equal rights as men in all matters – equal right to education, jobs, property, legal protection. The law cannot discriminate against women. Special protective laws for women (like maternity benefits, domestic violence protection) are not discrimination but affirmative action.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional principle)
Constitution Article: 14-15
BNSS Section: All procedures apply equally to women
BSA Section: Evidence rules apply equally
Special Act: Equal Remuneration Act 1976, Maternity Benefit Act 1961
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Violations of specific laws have separate punishments)
Fine: N/A

95. Caste-Based Discrimination: Article 17 and Untouchability

Meaning: In simple words, this means practicing untouchability is a crime. No one can be treated as “untouchable” or discriminated against because of their caste. Preventing someone from entering temples, drawing water from wells, or accessing public places because of their caste is illegal and punishable.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional prohibition)
Constitution Article: 17
BNSS Section: Investigation and trial procedures for caste-based crimes
BSA Section: Evidence rules for establishing caste discrimination
Special Act: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989, Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955
Bail: Non-Bailable (under SC/ST Act)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 6 months to 5 years (under SC/ST Act for various atrocities)
Fine: Up to Rs. 25,000 (under Protection of Civil Rights Act)

96. Religious Discrimination: Equality Regardless of Faith

Meaning: In simple words, this means no one can be discriminated against because of their religion. Every person has equal rights regardless of whether they are Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, or any other religion. Government cannot favor or disfavor any religion.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional principle)
Constitution Article: 15
BNSS Section: All procedures apply equally regardless of religion
BSA Section: All evidence rules apply equally
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right)
Fine: N/A

97. Equality in Public Employment: Article 16 Rights

Meaning: In simple words, this means every citizen has equal opportunity for government jobs. No one can be discriminated against in government employment because of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, or residence. However, government can reserve certain jobs for backward classes, SC/ST to give them equal opportunity.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 16
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right – violations can be challenged in court)
Fine: N/A

98. Abolition of Titles: Democratic Principles

Meaning: In simple words, this means India does not give titles like “Maharaja,” “Sir,” “Rai Bahadur” etc. to its citizens. The government abolished all titles except military and academic ones (like degrees, medals for bravery). This ensures everyone is equal and no one is considered superior based on inherited or purchased titles.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional provision)
Constitution Article: 18
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Principle)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Not a crime – titles simply have no legal recognition)
Fine: N/A

99. Right to Life and Liberty: Article 21 Protection

Meaning: In simple words, this is the most important fundamental right – no person can be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. This means government cannot arrest you, imprison you, or take your life except through proper legal process. This right includes right to live with dignity, right to livelihood, right to clean environment, right to health, and many other rights necessary for meaningful life.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right – but violations lead to BNS crimes)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: All criminal procedures must follow due process
BSA Section: All evidence procedures must be fair
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Violations of life/liberty lead to specific crimes with punishments)
Fine: N/A

100. Right to Education: Article 21A Provisions

Meaning: In simple words, this means every child between 6 to 14 years has the fundamental right to free and compulsory education. Government must provide free education in neighborhood schools. No child can be denied admission, held back in same class, or expelled before completing elementary education.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 21A
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Schools violating RTE Act can face penalties)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 for schools denying admission or charging fees (under RTE Act)

101. Freedom of Speech and Expression: Article 19(1)(a)

Meaning: In simple words, this means every citizen has the right to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas freely through speech, writing, printing, pictures, or any other way. However, this freedom is not absolute – you cannot use this freedom to defame someone, incite violence, disturb public order, threaten national security, or spread obscenity.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right with reasonable restrictions in various BNS sections)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(a)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Misuse of freedom can lead to defamation, sedition or other crimes with separate punishments)
Fine: N/A

102. Freedom of Assembly: Peaceful Gathering Rights

Meaning: In simple words, this means citizens have the right to gather peacefully for meetings, protests, demonstrations, or any peaceful purpose without weapons. However, such assemblies must be peaceful and not disturb public order. Government can impose reasonable restrictions like requiring permission for large gatherings.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right – unlawful assembly covered in BNS 189-191)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(b)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Unlawful assemblies and riots have separate punishments under BNS)
Fine: N/A

103. Freedom of Association: Right to Form Organizations

Meaning: In simple words, this means citizens have the right to form associations, unions, cooperative societies, or any organization for lawful purposes. This includes forming labor unions, clubs, societies, political parties, or NGOs. However, organizations cannot be formed for illegal purposes or to threaten public order.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(c)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Societies Registration Act 1860, Trade Unions Act 1926
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Associations formed for illegal purposes can be banned)
Fine: N/A

104. Freedom of Movement: Article 19(1)(d) Rights

Meaning: In simple words, this means every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the territory of India. You can go to any state, city, or village without needing permission. However, government can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public safety, tribal welfare, or protecting certain areas.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(d)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right)
Fine: N/A

105. Freedom of Residence: Settlement Rights

Meaning: In simple words, this means every citizen has the right to reside and settle in any part of India. You can choose where you want to live and buy property anywhere in India (except in some restricted states like Jammu & Kashmir which have special provisions). No state can prevent citizens from other states from settling there.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(e)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right)
Fine: N/A

106. Freedom of Profession: Occupational Liberty

Meaning: In simple words, this means every citizen has the right to practice any profession, carry on any occupation, trade, or business. You can choose your livelihood freely. However, government can prescribe qualifications for professions (like degree for doctors), regulate businesses for public welfare, or prohibit harmful activities.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(g)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right – reasonable restrictions allowed)
Fine: N/A

107. Protection from Ex Post Facto Laws: Article 20(1)

Meaning: In simple words, this means you cannot be punished for an act which was not a crime when you did it. If something becomes illegal today, you cannot be punished for doing it yesterday when it was legal. Also, you cannot be given a higher punishment than what was prescribed when you committed the offence.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional protection)
Constitution Article: 20(1)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Protection)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Constitutional safeguard)
Fine: N/A

108. Protection from Double Jeopardy: Legal Safeguards

Meaning: In simple words, this means you cannot be prosecuted and punished twice for the same offence. If you are tried by a court and acquitted (found not guilty) or convicted (found guilty and punished), you cannot be tried again for the same crime. This prevents government from harassing citizens with repeated trials.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional protection)
Constitution Article: 20(2)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Protection)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Constitutional safeguard)
Fine: N/A

109. Protection Against Self-Incrimination: Article 20(3)

Meaning: In simple words, this means when you are accused of a crime, you cannot be forced to be a witness against yourself. You have the right to remain silent during police interrogation. You cannot be tortured or forced to confess. Any confession obtained through force, threat, or torture is not valid evidence in court.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional protection – torture to confess covered in BNS 120)
Constitution Article: 20(3)
BNSS Section: 181 (No person accused shall be compelled to answer tending to incriminate)
BSA Section: 15-25 (Confession rules)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Protection)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Police forcing confession can be punished under BNS 120)
Fine: N/A

110. Rights of Arrested Persons: Article 22 Protection

Meaning: In simple words, this means when police arrests you, they must: (1) tell you why you are being arrested, (2) allow you to consult a lawyer of your choice, (3) produce you before a magistrate within 24 hours, and (4) not keep you in custody beyond 24 hours without magistrate’s permission. Your family must be informed about your arrest.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right – violations can lead to false confinement charges)
Constitution Article: 22
BNSS Section: 173-187 (Arrest and custody procedures)
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Right to apply for bail
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Violations of arrest procedures can lead to damages/compensation)
Fine: N/A

111. Right to Speedy Trial: Judicial Accountability

Meaning: In simple words, this means you have the right to have your case heard and decided quickly without unreasonable delays. Long delays in trials violate your fundamental rights. Courts must ensure cases don’t drag on for years. Undertrials (people waiting for trial in jail) cannot be kept in jail indefinitely – if delay is too long, they must be released.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right derived from Article 21)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 254-352 (Trial procedures with time limits)
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Extended delays can be grounds for bail
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Right to seek compensation for unreasonable delays)
Fine: N/A

Category 6: Freedom of Religion and Cultural Rights

112. Freedom of Religion: Article 25 Rights

Meaning: In simple words, this means every person has the right to freely practice, profess, and propagate any religion. You can worship according to your faith, wear religious symbols, follow religious practices, and spread your religious beliefs. However, this freedom is subject to public order, morality, and health.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 25
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right)
Fine: N/A

113. Freedom to Manage Religious Institutions: Article 26

Meaning: In simple words, this means every religious group has the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes, manage their own affairs in matters of religion, own and acquire property, and administer such property. Government cannot interfere in internal religious matters but can regulate economic or secular activities.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 26
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right)
Fine: N/A

114. Religious Conversion: Laws and Controversies

Meaning: In simple words, this means the question of whether people should be free to convert from one religion to another, and whether there should be laws regulating conversion. Constitution gives freedom of religion, but several states have passed laws requiring government approval for conversion to prevent forced or fraudulent conversions.
BNS Section: N/A (No central law)
Constitution Article: 25
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Various State Anti-Conversion Laws (differ by state)
Bail: Non-Bailable (under some state laws)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under some state laws)
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (varies by state law)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (varies by state law)

115. Anti-Conversion Laws: Legal Framework

Meaning: In simple words, these are laws in some Indian states that require people to take government permission before converting to another religion, or that prohibit conversion through force, fraud, or inducement (offering money/benefits). These laws are controversial – supporters say they prevent forced conversions, critics say they violate freedom of religion.
BNS Section: N/A (State subject)
Constitution Article: 25
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Various State Freedom of Religion Acts (Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, etc.)
Bail: Non-Bailable (under state laws for forced conversion)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under state laws)
Punishment: Imprisonment from 1 to 5 years (varies by state)
Fine: Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 1,00,000 or with both (varies by state)

116. Religious Freedom vs Public Order: Balancing Rights

Meaning: In simple words, this means while everyone has freedom of religion, this freedom is not absolute. Religious practices that disturb public order, public health, or public morality can be restricted. For example, ritual practices that cause harm, religious processions that block roads for days, or loud religious music late at night can be regulated for public welfare.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional balance)
Constitution Article: 25(1)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional interpretation)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Specific violations of public order laws have separate punishments)
Fine: N/A

117. Protection from Religious Taxation: Article 27

Meaning: In simple words, this means no person can be forced to pay any tax if the tax money will be specifically used for promotion or maintenance of any particular religion. Government cannot collect taxes to build temples, mosques, churches or pay salaries of priests. However, general taxes can be used for secular purposes even if some incidentally benefit religious institutions.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional provision)
Constitution Article: 27
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Constitutional protection)
Fine: N/A

118. Freedom from Religious Instruction: Article 28

Meaning: In simple words, this means no religious instruction can be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained by government funds. In government schools, no religious education is allowed. However, institutions aided by government but not fully maintained by government can provide religious instruction, and students have the option to not attend such classes.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional provision)
Constitution Article: 28
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Right to Education Act 2009
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Violations can be challenged in court)
Fine: N/A

119. Protection of Minority Interests: Article 29

Meaning: In simple words, this means any group of citizens (minority or majority) having a distinct language, script, or culture has the right to conserve (protect and preserve) it. No citizen can be denied admission to any government educational institution on grounds of religion, race, caste, or language. This protects cultural diversity of India.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 29
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right – violations can be challenged in court)
Fine: N/A

120. Minority Educational Rights: Article 30

Meaning: In simple words, this means religious and linguistic minorities have the right to establish and administer (run) their own educational institutions. Government cannot take over minority institutions or discriminate against them in giving aid. However, if they take government aid, they must follow certain regulations like reservation policies.
BNS Section: N/A (Constitutional right)
Constitution Article: 30
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act 2004
Bail: N/A (Constitutional Right)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Fundamental Right)
Fine: N/A

121. Communal Harmony: Preventing Religious Violence

Meaning: In simple words, this means laws and measures to prevent violence between different religious communities. Actions that promote enmity between religious groups, make hate speeches, organize communal riots, or disturb communal harmony are serious crimes. India is a secular country and all religions must coexist peacefully.
BNS Section: 196-197 (Promoting enmity between groups)
Constitution Article: 25-28
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years (Section 196), up to 5 years (Section 197)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 7: Property Crimes

122. Theft: Taking Movable Property Dishonestly

Meaning: In simple words, this means dishonestly taking someone else’s movable property (things that can be moved like money, mobile phone, jewelry, vehicle) without their permission and with the intention of keeping it permanently. To be theft, the taking must be dishonest and without consent of the owner.
BNS Section: 303
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

123. Snatching: Sudden Forcible Taking

Meaning: In simple words, this means suddenly snatching or grabbing something from someone’s possession – like chain snatching, purse snatching, mobile snatching. It’s more serious than simple theft because it involves sudden force or surprise, which can cause fear or injury to the victim even if they’re not directly attacked.
BNS Section: 304 (Theft with snatching)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

124. Burglary: Theft in Dwelling Houses

Meaning: In simple words, this means entering someone’s house, building, or tent through trespass (without permission) with the intention of committing theft or other crime. Breaking into a house for theft is more serious than simple theft because it violates the safety and privacy of a home. Night-time burglary gets harsher punishment.
BNS Section: 305 (House-trespass for theft)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

125. Theft by Servants: Employee Breach of Trust

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a servant, domestic worker, employee, or person in a position of trust steals from their employer or master. This is considered more serious than ordinary theft because the person violated the trust placed in them. For example, a driver stealing from the car owner, or a maid stealing from the house.
BNS Section: 306 (Theft by clerk or servant)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

126. Armed Theft: Preparation for Violence

Meaning: In simple words, this means when thieves carry weapons (like guns, knives, sticks) while committing theft or make preparations to use violence if caught. Even if they don’t actually use the weapons, carrying them during theft makes it a much more serious crime because it shows readiness to hurt people.
BNS Section: 307 (Making preparation for causing hurt in committing theft)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence – weapon seizure)
Special Act: Arms Act 1959
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

127. Extortion: Obtaining Property Through Threat

Meaning: In simple words, this means forcing someone to give you money, property, or anything valuable by threatening them with harm (to them or their family), threatening to damage their reputation, or threatening to accuse them falsely. This includes “hafta” collection by goons and blackmail for money.
BNS Section: 308
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

128. Robbery: Theft with Violence or Threat

Meaning: In simple words, this means committing theft while using violence or threat of violence. For example, snatching a purse and pushing the victim down, or threatening someone with a knife to hand over money. Robbery is more serious than theft because it combines theft with assault/threat to cause fear or hurt.
BNS Section: 309
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Medical evidence if injury caused)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

129. Dacoity: Robbery by Five or More Persons

Meaning: In simple words, this means when five or more people together commit robbery (theft with violence). This is gang robbery and is one of the most serious property crimes. Highway robberies, bank robberies by gangs, and armed gang attacks on houses are examples of dacoity. The law is very strict because organized gang violence threatens public safety.
BNS Section: 310
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

130. Armed Robbery: Weapons in Theft

Meaning: In simple words, this means committing robbery while carrying deadly weapons like guns, swords, knives, or any weapon that can cause death. Even if the weapon is not actually used, just carrying it during robbery makes the crime much more serious and gets minimum 7 years imprisonment with no option for lesser punishment.
BNS Section: 312 (Armed robbery/dacoity)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Weapon evidence)
Special Act: Arms Act 1959
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

131. Murder During Robbery: Aggravated Robbery

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone commits robbery or dacoity and during the crime, someone gets killed – either intentionally or as a result of violence used during robbery. This is one of the most serious crimes and can result in death penalty because it combines violent property crime with murder.
BNS Section: 311 (Dacoity with murder)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Medical/autopsy evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

132. Gang Robbery: Organized Crime Provisions

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a group of people (gang) makes it their regular activity to commit robberies together as an organized criminal enterprise. This is different from a one-time dacoity – here the gang repeatedly commits robberies as their way of making money, which makes them habitual dangerous criminals.
BNS Section: 313 (Habitually committing robbery/dacoity)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

133. Dishonest Misappropriation: Wrongfully Keeping Property

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone finds property that doesn’t belong to them, or property comes into their possession by mistake, and they dishonestly keep it instead of trying to return it to the rightful owner. For example, finding a wallet and keeping the money instead of reporting it, or keeping excess money given by mistake.
BNS Section: 314 (Dishonest misappropriation)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

134. Misappropriation of Deceased Property: Inheritance Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means dishonestly taking or keeping property that belonged to someone who died, when you have no legal right to it. For example, a relative taking jewelry or documents from a deceased person’s house before the legal heirs can claim it, or hiding assets that should go to rightful heirs.
BNS Section: 315 (Misappropriation of property of deceased person)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

135. Criminal Breach of Trust: Fiduciary Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone is trusted with property or money (like a lawyer with client’s money, a banker with deposits, an executor with estate assets, or a business partner with company funds) and they dishonestly use it for their own benefit or dispose of it wrongly. This violates the trust placed in them.
BNS Section: 316 (Criminal breach of trust)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Financial documents)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years (up to 7 years if by public servant, banker, merchant, agent, etc.)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

136. Receiving Stolen Property: Handling Stolen Goods

Meaning: In simple words, this means buying, receiving, or keeping property knowing (or having reason to believe) that it was stolen. Even if you didn’t steal it yourself, buying stolen goods makes you guilty. This includes buying cheap mobile phones knowing they’re stolen, or keeping stolen bikes in your garage.
BNS Section: 317 (Dishonestly receiving stolen property)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

137. Cheating: Fraudulent Deception

Meaning: In simple words, this means deceiving someone to make them hand over property or do something they wouldn’t do if they knew the truth. This includes selling fake gold as real gold, running lottery frauds, online shopping frauds, fake job offer frauds, or any trick to cheat people out of money or property.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: Consumer Protection Act 2019
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 year (up to 7 years if cheating known to cause wrongful loss)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

138. Cheating by Impersonation: Identity Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means cheating someone by pretending to be someone else – like impersonating a bank official to get bank details, pretending to be a government officer to collect money, or using fake identity to get loans. Identity fraud is a serious form of cheating.
BNS Section: 319 (Cheating by personation)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Identity documents)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000 (for digital identity fraud)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

139. Fraudulent Property Removal: Hiding Assets from Creditors

Meaning: In simple words, this means when someone owes money to creditors (people they borrowed from) and dishonestly removes or hides their property to prevent creditors from taking it. For example, transferring house to relative’s name to avoid paying debts, or hiding valuable items when you know creditors will come to seize them.
BNS Section: 320 (Fraudulent removal or concealment of property)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Property documents)
Special Act: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

140. Preventing Debt Collection: Making Debt Unavailable

Meaning: In simple words, this means dishonestly doing something to prevent a creditor from getting back the money you owe them – like destroying evidence of debt, running away to avoid creditor, or fraudulently selling all your property so creditor can’t recover the debt. This obstructs lawful debt collection.
BNS Section: 321 (Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment to prevent distribution among creditors)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Financial documents)
Special Act: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

141. False Transfer Deeds: Property Document Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating false property documents or transfer deeds to show that property has been transferred to someone when it actually hasn’t, usually to cheat creditors or rightful owners. For example, making fake sale deed of your house to show you no longer own it when creditors come to recover debt.
BNS Section: 322 (Fraudulent execution of deed of transfer)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary evidence – deed examination)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

142. Mischief: Intentional Property Damage

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally causing damage or destruction to someone’s property with the intention of causing wrongful loss to them or knowing that you’re likely to cause wrongful loss. For example, deliberately breaking someone’s car window, damaging crops, or destroying goods. The damage must be intentional, not accidental.
BNS Section: 324 (Mischief)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

143. Killing Animals: Mischief to Animals

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally killing, poisoning, maiming (injuring), or making useless someone’s animal (like cattle, horse, dog, pet, or work animal) with intention to cause loss to the owner. This is a property crime when the animal has value, but also punishable under animal cruelty laws.
BNS Section: 325 (Mischief by killing or maiming animal)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Veterinary expert opinion)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

144. Arson: Damage Through Fire

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally setting fire to property (house, building, vehicle, crops, forest) to cause damage. Arson is very serious because fire can spread uncontrollably, destroy large areas, and kill people. If arson causes death, it can be punished with life imprisonment.
BNS Section: 326 (Mischief by fire or explosive)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Fire investigation expert)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (life imprisonment if causes death)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

145. Sabotage: Damage to Transportation or Infrastructure

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally damaging roads, bridges, railways, airports, or any public infrastructure with the intention to cause wrongful loss or danger to public. For example, removing railway tracks to cause train accident, damaging bridges, or destroying power lines. This threatens public safety.
BNS Section: 327 (Mischief to means of transportation or communication)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Technical expert opinion)
Special Act: Railways Act 1989
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

146. Criminal Trespass: Unlawful Entry

Meaning: In simple words, this means entering someone’s property (house, land, building) without permission with the intention of committing an offence, or to intimidate or annoy the owner. Simply walking through someone’s land is not trespass, but entering their property uninvited to cause trouble is criminal trespass.
BNS Section: 329 (Criminal trespass)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 3,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 3,000)

147. House-Breaking: Forcible Entry into Dwelling

Meaning: In simple words, this means entering someone’s house or building through trespass in one of six specified ways: by breaking open (like breaking lock, window, wall), by climbing over walls, entering through underground passage, by opening locks with wrong keys, or by pretending to be someone authorized to enter. This is more serious than simple trespass.
BNS Section: 330 (House-trespass)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

148. Trespass with Criminal Intent: Planned Intrusion for Crime

Meaning: In simple words, this means entering someone’s property with the specific intention of committing a serious crime like theft, assault, or causing hurt. This is the most serious form of trespass because the person has criminal intentions. House-trespass to commit murder or rape gets up to 10 years imprisonment.
BNS Section: 332 (House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 10 years (depending on intended crime)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

149. Breaking Open Containers: Forcible Opening

Meaning: In simple words, this means forcibly breaking open any closed container (box, package, safe, locker, sealed envelope) that is in someone else’s lawful custody, with the intention of committing theft. This is considered preparation for theft and is punishable even if no actual theft occurs.
BNS Section: 334 (Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

150. Cybercrime: Digital Property Theft and Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means crimes committed using computers, internet, or digital technology to steal money, data, or property. This includes hacking bank accounts, credit card fraud, phishing emails, online shopping scams, cryptocurrency theft, or stealing someone’s digital information/identity to commit fraud.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating – applies to cyber fraud)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Electronic/digital evidence)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Non-Bailable (under IT Act)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years under BNS (under IT Act: up to 3 years for various cyber offences)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (Under IT Act: up to Rs. 1,00,000 for hacking)

151. Identity Theft: Personal Information Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means stealing someone’s personal information (like Aadhaar number, PAN card, bank account details, passwords, or identity documents) and using it to impersonate them or commit fraud in their name. This can ruin the victim’s reputation and cause financial loss.
BNS Section: 318-319 (Cheating and cheating by personation)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Electronic/digital evidence)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000, Aadhaar Act 2016
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years under BNS (under Aadhaar Act: up to 3 years and fine up to Rs. 10,000 for identity information misuse)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 8: Document Fraud and Forgery

152. Forgery: Creating False Documents

Meaning: In simple words, this means making a false document or altering a genuine document with the intention of using it for fraud or to cheat someone. For example, creating fake certificates, changing amounts in cheques, making false agreements, or forging someone’s signature to deceive others.
BNS Section: 336 (Forgery)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary evidence), 39-45 (Handwriting expert opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

153. Document Fraud: Using Fake Documents

Meaning: In simple words, this means knowingly using a forged (fake) document as if it were genuine to cheat or defraud someone. Even if you didn’t create the fake document yourself, using it knowing it’s fake makes you guilty. This includes submitting fake certificates for jobs or using fake property papers.
BNS Section: 340 (Using as genuine a forged document)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary evidence), 39-45 (Expert verification)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Same as punishment for forgery of that particular document type
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

154. Court Record Forgery: Judicial Document Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means forging documents related to courts or legal proceedings – like creating fake court orders, forging judge’s signature, altering court records, or making false certificates claiming to be issued by courts. This is very serious because it undermines the justice system.
BNS Section: 337 (Making a false document purporting to be a record of court)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Court document examination)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

155. Will Forgery: Testamentary Document Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating a fake will (document showing how a deceased person wanted to distribute their property) or altering a genuine will to benefit yourself or others illegally. This cheats the rightful heirs and is punished very severely.
BNS Section: 338 (Forging will or authority to adopt or make gift)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Will examination), 39-45 (Handwriting expert)
Special Act: Indian Succession Act 1925
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

156. Securities Forgery: Financial Document Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means forging financial documents like cheques, promissory notes, bonds, share certificates, or any valuable security (document representing money or property rights). This threatens financial systems and causes huge economic losses.
BNS Section: 338 (Forgery of valuable security)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Document examination), 39-45 (Financial expert opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

157. Possession of Forged Documents: Holding Fake Papers

Meaning: In simple words, this means keeping forged (fake) documents in your possession knowing they are forged and intending to use them fraudulently or to cheat someone. Even if you haven’t used the fake documents yet, just possessing them with fraudulent intention is a crime.
BNS Section: 339 (Having possession of document knowing it to be forged with intent to use as genuine)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

158. Counterfeit Seals: Authentication Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means making fake government seals, stamps, or official marks (like those used by courts, government departments, or public authorities) with the intention of using them to make fake documents look genuine. Counterfeiting government seals is serious fraud against the state.
BNS Section: 341 (Making a false document purporting to be made by authority of government)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Seal/stamp examination), 39-45 (Expert verification)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

159. Fraudulent Cancellation of Wills: Destroying Legal Documents

Meaning: In simple words, this means destroying, hiding, or fraudulently canceling a will or any document showing transfer of property, with the intention of cheating the rightful beneficiaries. This deprives people of their legitimate inheritance.
BNS Section: 343 (Fraudulent cancellation, destruction of will or authority to adopt)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary evidence), 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Indian Succession Act 1925
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

160. Falsification of Accounts: Fraudulent Bookkeeping

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally making false entries in account books, destroying or hiding accounts, or altering accounts with the intention of fraud or to help someone commit fraud. This includes companies cooking their books to show false profits or to hide losses.
BNS Section: 344 (Falsification of accounts)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial records), 39-45 (Forensic accounting expert)
Special Act: Companies Act 2013
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

161. Property Mark Tampering: Altering Identification Marks

Meaning: In simple words, this means removing, destroying, or altering marks used to identify ownership of property (like brand marks on cattle, serial numbers on electronics, or any mark showing who owns something). This is often done to sell stolen goods by removing proof of ownership.
BNS Section: 346 (Tampering with property identification mark)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

162. Counterfeiting Property Marks: Faking Identification

Meaning: In simple words, this means making false marks to make it appear that goods belong to someone else or are of a particular quality/brand. For example, putting a fake Sony logo on Chinese electronics, or fake hallmark stamps on artificial jewelry. This deceives buyers about quality and origin.
BNS Section: 347 (Counterfeiting a property mark)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Mark examination)
Special Act: Trade Marks Act 1999
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

163. Selling Counterfeit Goods: Trading in Fake-Marked Items

Meaning: In simple words, this means knowingly selling or offering for sale goods with false property marks or counterfeit brand names. This includes selling fake branded clothes, accessories, electronics, or medicines with counterfeit trademarks. Buyers are cheated into paying higher prices for fake goods.
BNS Section: 349 (Selling goods marked with counterfeit property mark)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Product examination)
Special Act: Trade Marks Act 1999, Consumer Protection Act 2019
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

164. False Marking: Container Mislabeling

Meaning: In simple words, this means making false marks on containers or packages to deceive buyers about contents, weight, quality, or origin of goods. For example, marking “100% pure honey” on adulterated honey, or “Made in Germany” on Chinese goods. This is commercial fraud.
BNS Section: 350 (Making false mark upon any receptacle containing goods)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Product testing)
Special Act: Legal Metrology Act 2009, Food Safety and Standards Act 2006
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

165. Academic Certificate Fraud: Educational Document Forgery

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating fake educational certificates (degrees, diplomas, mark sheets) or altering genuine certificates to show false qualifications. People use fake certificates to get jobs, admissions, or promotions they don’t deserve. This is serious fraud affecting employment and education systems.
BNS Section: 336-340 (Forgery and using forged documents)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Certificate verification)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

166. Birth Certificate Fraud: Civil Document Forgery

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating fake birth certificates or altering genuine ones to change age, parentage, or place of birth. This is often done to make children appear younger for sports competitions, to hide real identity, or for fraudulent claiming of benefits meant for certain age groups.
BNS Section: 336-340 (Forgery provisions)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Document verification)
Special Act: Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

167. Death Certificate Fraud: Manipulating Death Records

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating fake death certificates for people who are alive (to fraudulently claim insurance, property, or to declare someone legally dead), or hiding/destroying genuine death certificates. This is serious fraud with legal and financial consequences.
BNS Section: 336-340 (Forgery provisions)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Document verification)
Special Act: Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

168. Medical Certificate Fraud: Healthcare Document Forgery

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating fake medical certificates or fitness certificates (for leave from work, insurance claims, disability benefits, or to avoid duties), or doctors issuing false certificates knowing the information is untrue. This abuses the medical system and can cause financial fraud.
BNS Section: 336-340 (Forgery provisions)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Medical document verification), 39-45 (Medical expert opinion)
Special Act: Indian Medical Council Act 1956
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 9: Public Order and Communal Harmony

169. Unlawful Assembly: Criminal Gathering

Meaning: In simple words, this means when five or more people gather together with the common intention of using force or violence, or knowing that force may be used, to achieve any unlawful purpose (like attacking someone, grabbing land, or resisting lawful authority). Even just being part of such a gathering is a crime.
BNS Section: 189
Constitution Article: 19
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

170. Rioting: Violent Unlawful Assembly

Meaning: In simple words, this means when members of an unlawful assembly actually use force or violence. If five or more people gather and then actually start fighting, damaging property, or attacking people, it becomes rioting. This is more serious than just unlawful assembly because violence has actually occurred.
BNS Section: 191
Constitution Article: 19 & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

171. Communal Riots: Religious Violence

Meaning: In simple words, this means riots between different religious communities, usually triggered by religious tensions, rumors, or hate speech. Communal riots involve large-scale violence, arson, looting, and killing based on religion. Preventing and punishing communal violence is critical for maintaining peace in India’s multi-religious society.
BNS Section: 191 (Rioting) & 196 (Promoting enmity between groups)
Constitution Article: 25-28
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years for rioting (up to 5 years for promoting religious enmity)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

172. Mob Violence: Collective Criminal Action

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a crowd of people together commits violence – like attacking someone, damaging property, or creating terror. The crowd acts collectively with mob mentality, and each member shares responsibility for the violence. This includes incidents of public lynching or group attacks.
BNS Section: 189-191 (Unlawful assembly/rioting)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

173. Provocation to Riot: Instigating Violence

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally saying or doing things to provoke people to riot or commit violence. This includes giving inflammatory speeches, spreading rumors to incite violence, or deliberately creating situations that lead to riots. Instigators who provoke riots are as guilty as those who actually riot.
BNS Section: 192 (Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot)
Constitution Article: 19 & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

174. Hate Speech: Promoting Enmity Between Groups

Meaning: In simple words, this means making speeches, writing content, or creating material (videos, posts, pamphlets) that deliberately creates hatred between different religious, racial, linguistic, or caste groups, or promotes disharmony. Hate speech can lead to violence and disturb public peace.
BNS Section: 196 (Promoting enmity between different groups)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary/electronic evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

175. Communal Propaganda: Spreading Divisive Material

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately spreading false or divisive information to create hatred between different communities or to disturb public peace. This includes sharing fake news about religious issues, creating inflammatory content on social media, or distributing hate pamphlets to provoke communal tensions.
BNS Section: 197 (Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Digital evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

176. Religious Disharmony: Sectarian Violence

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating or participating in violence between different sects within the same religion (like Shia-Sunni violence in Islam, or conflicts between different Hindu sects). Even within one religion, creating divisions and violence between sects disturbs peace and harmony.
BNS Section: 196 (Promoting enmity)
Constitution Article: 25-28
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

177. Caste-Based Violence: Atrocities Against SC/ST

Meaning: In simple words, this means committing violence or discrimination against people belonging to Scheduled Castes (Dalits) or Scheduled Tribes. This includes physical assault, verbal abuse, social boycott, denying access to public places, or forcing them to do degrading work. Special strict laws protect SC/ST communities.
BNS Section: 196 (Promoting enmity)
Constitution Article: 17
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989
Bail: Non-Bailable (under SC/ST Act)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 6 months to life imprisonment depending on specific atrocity (under SC/ST Act)
Fine: Various fines under SC/ST Act plus compensation to victims

178. Affray: Public Fighting

Meaning: In simple words, this means when two or more people fight in a public place in a way that disturbs public peace and makes ordinary people fear for their safety. Street fights, public brawls, or violent arguments in public places that alarm bystanders are punishable as affray.
BNS Section: 194 (Affray)
Constitution Article: 19 & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 1 month
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 1,000)

179. Assault on Public Servant Preventing Duty: Obstructing Officials

Meaning: In simple words, this means attacking or using force against a government official (police, judge, tax officer, civic worker) when they are trying to do their official duty. This obstructs government functioning and gets extra punishment because it’s not just assault but also obstruction of justice.
BNS Section: 199 (Assault on public servant to prevent duty)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

180. Obstructing Public Servant: Preventing Official Duties

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally preventing a public servant from doing their lawful duty without actually using violence against them. For example, blocking a revenue officer from entering property, preventing health inspector from doing inspection, or refusing to let election officer enter polling booth.
BNS Section: 200 (Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 2,500 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 2,500)

181. Threatening Public Servant: Intimidation of Officials

Meaning: In simple words, this means threatening a public servant to prevent them from doing their duty or to force them to do something illegal. For example, threatening a police officer to drop a case, threatening a judge to give favorable judgment, or threatening a tax officer to reduce tax assessment.
BNS Section: 201 (Threat of injury to public servant)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

182. Personating Public Servant: False Official Identity

Meaning: In simple words, this means pretending to be a government official (police officer, income tax officer, government clerk) when you are not, to deceive people or to do something illegal. Many frauds involve criminals wearing fake police uniforms or carrying fake ID cards to cheat people.
BNS Section: 203 (Personating a public servant)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

183. Wearing Official Uniform Without Authority: Impersonation

Meaning: In simple words, this means wearing the uniform or dress of armed forces (Army, Navy, Air Force), police, or any government department without authorization. This deceives people into thinking you are an official and undermines public confidence in uniformed services.
BNS Section: 204 (Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 500 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 500)

184. Refusing to Assist Public Servant: Failure to Help Officials

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a public servant legally asks you to help them in their duty (like helping police catch a criminal, helping in rescue operations, or assisting in maintaining public order) and you refuse without any lawful excuse, you can be punished. Citizens have a duty to help law enforcement when legally required.
BNS Section: 205 (Refusing to help public servant when bound by law to do so)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 1 month
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 200 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 200)

185. Public Nuisance: Acts Affecting Community

Meaning: In simple words, this means doing something that causes common injury, danger, or annoyance to the public or people living in a neighborhood. Examples include: blocking public roads, polluting water sources, making loud noise late at night, keeping dangerous animals unsecured, or any act that disturbs public convenience or health.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Fine which may extend to Rs. 200 (Statutory maximum: Rs. 200)
Fine: Rs. 200 (statutory amount)

186. Negligent Driving: Traffic Safety Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means driving a vehicle rashly (too fast, dangerously) or negligently (carelessly, not paying attention) in a way that endangers human life or is likely to cause hurt to others. This includes speeding, rash overtaking, jumping signals, drunk driving, or using phone while driving.
BNS Section: 281 (Rash or negligent driving)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Accident reconstruction if applicable)
Special Act: Motor Vehicles Act 1988
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 1,000)

187. Drunk Driving: Driving Under Influence

Meaning: In simple words, this means driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs that impair your ability to drive safely. Even if you don’t cause an accident, drunk driving itself is a crime because it endangers public safety. Police can test your blood alcohol level and arrest you if it’s above legal limit.
BNS Section: 281 (Rash driving)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Blood alcohol test results)
Special Act: Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (Section 185 – specific drunk driving provisions)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months under BNS (Motor Vehicles Act: imprisonment up to 6 months and/or fine up to Rs. 10,000 for first offence)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,000 under BNS (Motor Vehicles Act has separate fine structure)

188. Hit and Run: Leaving Accident Scene

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a driver causes an accident that injures or kills someone and then runs away from the scene without stopping to help the victim or reporting to police. This is a very serious crime because the driver escapes responsibility and denies help to the victim, which can cause more deaths.
BNS Section: 106 (Death by negligence) + fleeing
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Medical/accident evidence)
Special Act: Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (Section 161 – duty to report accident)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years under BNS (Motor Vehicles Act Section 134: up to 10 years for hit and run causing death)
Fine: And with fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

189. Vehicular Manslaughter: Death Through Negligent Driving

Meaning: In simple words, this means causing someone’s death through rash or negligent driving. This is not intentional murder but death caused by careless or dangerous driving. The driver is held responsible for the death even though they didn’t intend to kill anyone.
BNS Section: 106 (Causing death by negligence)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Medical/accident expert opinion)
Special Act: Motor Vehicles Act 1988
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

190. Railway Sabotage: Endangering Train Safety

Meaning: In simple words, this means doing anything that could cause danger to railway passengers or trains – like removing railway tracks, placing obstacles on tracks, damaging signals, or tampering with railway equipment. Even if no accident occurs, the act of endangering is itself a serious crime.
BNS Section: 327 (Mischief to means of transportation)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Technical expert opinion)
Special Act: Railways Act 1989
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

191. Aviation Offences: Aircraft Safety Crimes

Meaning: In simple words, this means crimes related to aircraft safety – like hijacking planes, planting bombs on aircraft, attacking airports, endangering flight safety, or making false bomb threats. These are treated as very serious crimes because they endanger hundreds of lives and threaten national security.
BNS Section: 327 (Mischief to transportation) + 113 (Terrorism if applicable)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Technical expert opinion)
Special Act: Anti-Hijacking Act 2016, Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of Civil Aviation Act 1982
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life (for hijacking/terrorism)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

192. Maritime Piracy: Sea-Based Crimes

Meaning: In simple words, this means committing robbery or violence on the high seas (international waters) – attacking ships, hijacking vessels, kidnapping crew for ransom, or stealing cargo from ships. Maritime piracy threatens international trade and sailor safety.
BNS Section: 309-310 (Robbery/Dacoity on high seas)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Maritime Zones Act 1976
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or rigorous imprisonment up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

193. Hoax Bomb Threats: False Emergency Alerts

Meaning: In simple words, this means making false threats about bombs in public places like schools, airports, railway stations, or government buildings, causing panic, evacuation, and disruption of normal activities. Even though no actual bomb exists, the false threat wastes resources and creates fear among people.
BNS Section: 351(2) (Criminal intimidation)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Electronic evidence if threat via phone/email)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (under criminal intimidation)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

194. Fire Safety Violations: Building Code Breaches

Meaning: In simple words, this means violating fire safety rules in buildings – like blocking fire exits, not having fire extinguishers, faulty electrical wiring, storing inflammable materials unsafely, or not following building fire safety codes. If such violations cause fire and deaths, the owner/builder can be prosecuted.
BNS Section: 106 (Negligence causing death) + 326 (Arson if intentional)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Fire safety expert opinion)
Special Act: National Building Code (through state municipal laws)
Bail: Bailable (for negligence), Non-Bailable (if deaths occur)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (for negligence causing death)
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

195. Building Collapse: Construction Negligence

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a building collapses due to use of poor quality materials, not following safety standards, or negligence during construction, and people die or get injured. Builders, contractors, engineers, and architects can all be held criminally responsible for such negligence.
BNS Section: 106 (Causing death by negligence)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Structural engineering expert opinion)
Special Act: Various state building control acts
Bail: Bailable (may become non-bailable if multiple deaths)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 10: Crimes Against State and National Security

196. Treason: Acts Against Sovereignty

Meaning: In simple words, this means making war against India, attempting to overthrow the government by force, or helping India’s enemies during war. Treason is the most serious crime against the state because it threatens the very existence of the nation. This can result in death penalty or life imprisonment.
BNS Section: 147 (Waging war against Government of India)
Constitution Article: Article 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

197. Sedition: Actions to Bring Government into Hatred

Meaning: In simple words, this means actions or words intended to bring the government into hatred or contempt, or to incite people to attempt to overthrow the government by unlawful means. Simply criticizing government is not sedition – but inciting violence or attempting to overthrow government by force is. This is a controversial law with debates about freedom of speech.
BNS Section: 152 (Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary/video evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

198. Conspiracy Against State: Plotting Overthrow

Meaning: In simple words, this means when two or more persons agree together to wage war against India, overthrow the government, or commit any act of terrorism against the state, and they take some action towards this plan. Even if the plot doesn’t succeed, the conspiracy itself is punishable.
BNS Section: 148 (Conspiracy to wage war)
Constitution Article: Article 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life or imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

199. Espionage: Spying for Foreign Powers

Meaning: In simple words, this means secretly collecting or sharing India’s defense, military, or strategic information with foreign countries or enemies. This includes spying on military bases, sharing classified documents, photographing defense installations, or passing sensitive information to foreign agents. Spies can be executed or imprisoned for life.
BNS Section: 149 (Collecting arms with intention of waging war)
Constitution Article: Article 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary/electronic evidence), 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Official Secrets Act 1923
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 14 years (under Official Secrets Act)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

200. Sabotage of National Infrastructure: Critical Facility Attacks

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately damaging or destroying critical national infrastructure like power plants, dams, defense installations, communication systems, airports, or government buildings with intention to harm national security or create public panic. This is treated as an act against the state.
BNS Section: 327 (Mischief to infrastructure) + 113 (Terrorism if applicable)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Technical expert opinion)
Special Act: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or imprisonment for life (if terrorism), otherwise life or up to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

201. Harboring Offenders Against State: Sheltering Criminals

Meaning: In simple words, this means knowingly hiding or helping someone who has committed crimes against the state (like terrorism, waging war, sedition) to escape from authorities. This includes giving them shelter, helping them flee, or concealing information about their whereabouts. Even if you didn’t commit the original crime, helping the criminal makes you guilty too.
BNS Section: 150 (Concealing design to wage war)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 10 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

202. Assaulting President or Governor: Attacks on Constitutional Heads

Meaning: In simple words, this means attacking, using violence against, or attempting to harm the President of India or Governor of any state. These are constitutional heads and their security is critical for state functioning. Even attempting such attacks is punishable with severe imprisonment.
BNS Section: 160 (Assault on President, Governor, etc.)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

203. Unlawful Activities: Anti-National Actions

Meaning: In simple words, this means activities intended to disrupt sovereignty and territorial integrity of India, including supporting separatist movements, helping terrorist organizations, or inciting secession of any part of India. UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act) provides special powers to deal with such activities.
BNS Section: 152 (Acts endangering sovereignty)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967
Bail: Non-Bailable (very difficult to get bail under UAPA)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years (various provisions under UAPA have different punishments)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (varies by specific offence)

204. Anti-National Slogans: Provocative Statements

Meaning: In simple words, this means raising slogans or making statements that question India’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, or that incite violence or hatred against the nation. Examples include slogans supporting Pakistan in conflict situations, calling for breaking up India, or celebrating terrorist attacks. Context and intention are important in determining if it’s a crime or free speech.
BNS Section: 152 (Acts endangering sovereignty)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(a) & 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Video/audio evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

205. Foreign Funding Violations: FCRA Offences

Meaning: In simple words, this means receiving foreign money without government permission, or misusing foreign funds for purposes not allowed under Foreign Contribution Regulation Act. NGOs, associations, and individuals must register and follow rules for receiving foreign donations. Using foreign money for political purposes or religious conversions is prohibited.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(c)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial documents), 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 2010
Bail: Bailable (under FCRA)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under FCRA)
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under FCRA)
Fine: And fine (under FCRA – no specific amount mentioned)

206. Official Secrets: Leaking Classified Information

Meaning: In simple words, this means disclosing, sharing, or leaking government information that is classified as secret – especially defense secrets, intelligence information, or sensitive government documents. This includes journalists publishing such secrets, whistleblowers leaking classified data, or government employees sharing confidential files.
BNS Section: 149 (Connected with war activities)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary/electronic evidence)
Special Act: Official Secrets Act 1923
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 14 years (under Official Secrets Act)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (Official Secrets Act does not specify amount)

207. Defacement of National Symbols: Disrespecting National Identity

Meaning: In simple words, this means insulting or showing disrespect to the National Flag, National Anthem, Constitution, or other national symbols. This includes burning the flag, refusing to stand for national anthem, or defacing images of national symbols. These acts hurt national sentiment and are punishable under special laws protecting national honor.
BNS Section: N/A (No BNS provision – covered entirely by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A (Fundamental Duties – to respect national symbols)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Video/photo evidence)
Special Act: Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (Prevention of Insults Act does not specify exact amount – at court’s discretion)

208. Disrespect to National Flag: Flag Code Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means misusing or disrespecting the National Flag – like using it for commercial advertising, wearing it as clothing, printing it on disposable items, or displaying it in damaged condition. The flag represents national honor and must be treated with respect according to Flag Code rules.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A (Fundamental Duties)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Photo/video evidence)
Special Act: Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (no specific amount specified)

209. Disrespect to National Anthem: Anthem Code Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means showing disrespect to the National Anthem – like intentionally preventing singing of anthem, causing disturbances when anthem is being sung/played, or refusing to stand when anthem is played in public gatherings like cinema halls. Standing respectfully for the anthem is mandatory.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A (Fundamental Duties)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Video evidence)
Special Act: Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (no specific amount specified)

Category 11: Election Crimes

210. Electoral Fraud: Rigging and Manipulation

Meaning: In simple words, this means any dishonest practice to manipulate election results – like booth capturing (taking over polling stations by force), tampering with voting machines, threatening voters, or manipulating vote counting. Free and fair elections are foundation of democracy, so electoral fraud is a serious crime.
BNS Section: 169-171 (Electoral offences)
Constitution Article: 326 (Right to vote)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year (various election offences have different punishments)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (under RPA 1951)

211. Vote Buying: Electoral Bribery

Meaning: In simple words, this means giving money, gifts, alcohol, or any inducement to voters to make them vote for a particular candidate or party, or not to vote at all. Buying votes corrupts democracy and is a serious electoral offence. Both the person giving bribe and the voter accepting it can be punished.
BNS Section: 171 (Bribery)
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine or with both (RPA does not specify exact amount)

212. Voter Intimidation: Threatening Electors

Meaning: In simple words, this means threatening voters or their family members to vote for a particular candidate or to not vote at all. This includes physical threats, social boycott threats, or intimidation by powerful people like landlords or local goons. Every voter must be free to vote according to their conscience.
BNS Section: 169 (Undue influence at elections)
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year
Fine: Or with fine or with both (RPA does not specify exact amount)

213. False Electoral Declarations: Lying in Election Forms

Meaning: In simple words, this means giving false information in nomination papers or election affidavits – like hiding criminal cases, not declaring assets correctly, giving false educational qualifications, or hiding liabilities. Candidates must truthfully declare all required information to voters.
BNS Section: 336-340 (Forgery/false documents)
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary evidence – affidavits)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months (under RPA) or up to 7 years (under forgery provisions)
Fine: Or with fine or with both

214. Booth Capturing: Taking Over Polling Stations

Meaning: In simple words, this means using force, violence, or intimidation to take control of a polling booth and either prevent voters from voting or force them to vote for a particular candidate. This may involve armed goons occupying the booth, threatening polling staff, or stuffing ballot boxes with fake votes.
BNS Section: 170 (Personation at elections)
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (RPA does not specify exact amount)

215. Illegal Campaign Expenditure: Election Spending Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means spending more money than the legal limit on election campaigns, or not properly accounting for election expenses. Election Commission sets spending limits for candidates to ensure elections are not won just by money power. Hiding expenses or exceeding limits is an offence.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered under special act)
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial documents, expense records)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (under RPA)
Punishment: Disqualification from contesting elections for 3 years (under RPA)
Fine: Prosecution can be initiated (RPA does not specify exact punishment)

216. Misuse of Official Position in Elections: Government Power Abuse

Meaning: In simple words, this means government officials or ministers using their official position, government resources, or government machinery to help their party or candidate in elections. This includes using government vehicles for campaigning, using government staff for election work, or making government announcements timed to help their party.
BNS Section: 168 (Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade)
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951, Model Code of Conduct
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year (under RPA)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (RPA does not specify exact amount)

217. Communal Appeals in Elections: Religion-Based Campaigning

Meaning: In simple words, this means appealing to voters on the basis of religion, caste, community, or language during election campaigns. Asking voters to vote for a candidate because they belong to same religion/caste, or spreading hatred against other communities to get votes is prohibited. Elections should be fought on issues, not identity.
BNS Section: 196 (Promoting enmity) + electoral offences
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Video/audio of speeches)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951 (Section 123(3) – corrupt practice)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Disqualification and prosecution under RPA
Fine: Various penalties under RPA and BNS

218. Holding Public Meetings During Silence Period: Campaign Ban Violation

Meaning: In simple words, this means holding election rallies, public meetings, or campaigning during the 48-hour “silence period” before polling day. This cooling-off period allows voters to think calmly without campaign pressure. Any campaigning, including social media posts, during this period violates election rules.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered under election rules)
Constitution Article: 326
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Video/photo evidence)
Special Act: Representation of the People Act 1951, Conduct of Elections Rules 1961
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (under election rules)
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years (under RPA)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (no specific amount)

Category 12: Defamation and Reputation Crimes

219. Criminal Defamation: Harming Reputation Through False Statements

Meaning: In simple words, this means making or publishing false statements about someone that damages their reputation, causes them to be hated or ridiculed, or harms their business/profession. For it to be criminal defamation, the statement must be false, must be made with intention to harm, and must actually damage the person’s reputation.
BNS Section: 356 (Defamation)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Published material)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

220. Libel: Written Defamation

Meaning: In simple words, this means defamation in permanent form – written words, printed material, pictures, cartoons, social media posts, or any recorded form. Libel is considered more serious than verbal defamation (slander) because written material has wider reach and lasting effect. Publishing false articles, tweets, or posts that damage reputation is libel.
BNS Section: 356 (Defamation)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Written/published material as evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

221. Slander: Spoken Defamation

Meaning: In simple words, this means defamation through spoken words or gestures – verbally making false statements that damage someone’s reputation in front of others. Unlike libel which is written, slander is temporary and less permanent. However, if spoken words are recorded (audio/video), they may be treated more seriously.
BNS Section: 356 (Defamation)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence of witnesses who heard the statement)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

222. Online Defamation: Digital Reputation Harm

Meaning: In simple words, this means making false and damaging statements about someone on social media, websites, blogs, WhatsApp groups, or any online platform. The internet makes defamation more harmful because false content spreads fast and reaches millions. Cyberbullying, fake reviews, and social media trolling can all be defamation.
BNS Section: 356 (Defamation)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Electronic/digital evidence – screenshots, posts, messages)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years (under BNS) or up to 3 years (under IT Act Section 66A if applicable)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount)

223. Defamation of Public Figures: Criticism vs Character Assassination

Meaning: In simple words, this means making false statements about politicians, celebrities, or public figures. The law balances free speech with reputation – fair criticism and reporting of facts about public figures is allowed, but making up false stories or personal attacks on character without basis is defamation. Public figures have less protection than private citizens.
BNS Section: 356 (Defamation)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(a) & 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Published material)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

224. Business Defamation: Trade Libel

Meaning: In simple words, this means making false statements that harm a business, product, or company’s reputation. This includes spreading false rumors about product quality, making fake negative reviews to destroy competition, or falsely claiming a business is engaged in illegal activities. Companies can sue for both criminal and civil defamation.
BNS Section: 356 (Defamation)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 300A
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Business documents, reviews, articles)
Special Act: Consumer Protection Act 2019
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

225. Defamation Defenses: Truth and Public Interest

Meaning: In simple words, this means certain situations where making negative statements about someone is not defamation because there are legal defenses. Main defenses are: (1) Truth – if your statement is true, it’s not defamation even if it harms reputation, (2) Fair comment – honest opinion on matters of public interest, (3) Privilege – statements made in court, parliament, or official proceedings, (4) Consent – if the person agreed to publication.
BNS Section: 357-360 (Exceptions to defamation)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(a)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Proof of truth/documents)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: N/A (Defense provisions)
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (If defense succeeds, no punishment)
Fine: N/A

226. Spreading Rumors: False Information Circulation

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately spreading false information that can cause public panic, harm someone’s reputation, create communal tension, or mislead people. This includes spreading fake news on WhatsApp, creating viral false stories on social media, or deliberately circulating rumors to cause harm. In digital age, rumor-mongering can have serious consequences.
BNS Section: 353 (Statements conducing to public mischief)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Social media posts, messages)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

227. False Accusations: Malicious Prosecution

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately making false accusations against someone to harm them, get them arrested, or destroy their reputation, knowing that the accusations are untrue. Filing false police complaints, giving false evidence in court, or falsely accusing someone of serious crimes can result in punishment for false accusation.
BNS Section: 244 (False evidence)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documentary evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable (if false accusation is of serious crime)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (same as the punishment for offence falsely charged)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

228. Character Assassination: Systematic Reputation Destruction

Meaning: In simple words, this means a planned, systematic campaign to destroy someone’s character and reputation through repeated false accusations, rumors, defamatory statements, or manipulation of public opinion. Unlike one-time defamation, character assassination is an organized effort over time to completely ruin someone’s social standing and credibility.
BNS Section: 356 (Defamation) + 120B (Criminal conspiracy)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Pattern of defamatory material)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Simple imprisonment which may extend to 2 years (for each act of defamation)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 13: Perjury and Justice System Crimes

229. Perjury: Lying Under Oath

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately giving false testimony while under oath in a court of law or any judicial proceeding. When you swear to tell the truth in court and then lie, you commit perjury. This obstructs justice and can result in innocent people being convicted or guilty people escaping punishment.
BNS Section: 236 (Giving false evidence)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Court records showing contradiction)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

230. False Evidence: Fabricating Proof

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating, manufacturing, or presenting fake evidence to mislead courts or authorities. This includes forging documents to present in court, tampering with evidence, creating fake witnesses, or manipulating physical evidence. False evidence perverts the course of justice.
BNS Section: 237-243 (False evidence provisions)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Documentary evidence examination), 39-45 (Forensic expert opinion)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

231. Witness Tampering: Influencing Testimony

Meaning: In simple words, this means threatening, bribing, or pressuring witnesses to give false testimony, change their statement, or not testify in court. This includes intimidating witnesses to make them afraid to tell the truth, offering money for favorable testimony, or threatening harm to their family. Witness protection is crucial for justice.
BNS Section: 245 (Threatening or inducing any person to give false evidence)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 254-352 (Trial), 124-139 (Witness protection under BSA)
BSA Section: 124-139 (Witness protection provisions)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

232. Contempt of Court: Disobeying or Disrespecting Judiciary

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately disobeying court orders, showing disrespect to judges, disrupting court proceedings, or publishing content that undermines public confidence in courts. This includes refusing to obey court orders, abusing judges, or publishing false reports about court cases to prejudice justice.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 129 & 215 (Contempt powers)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Contempt of Courts Act 1971
Bail: Depends on nature of contempt
Cognizability: Suo moto by courts
Punishment: Simple imprisonment up to 6 months (under Contempt of Courts Act)
Fine: Or fine up to Rs. 2,000 or both (under Contempt of Courts Act)

233. Obstructing Justice: Interfering with Legal Process

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally interfering with the administration of justice – destroying evidence, hiding suspects, bribing police or judges, threatening complainants to withdraw cases, or any act that prevents the legal system from functioning properly. This undermines rule of law.
BNS Section: 246 (Destruction of document to prevent production as evidence)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Evidence of obstruction)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

234. Evidence Tampering: Altering or Destroying Proof

Meaning: In simple words, this means changing, hiding, or destroying evidence to prevent it from being used in court or investigation. This includes wiping fingerprints from crime scenes, deleting incriminating messages, destroying CCTV footage, or altering documents. Evidence tampering is a serious obstruction of justice.
BNS Section: 246-247 (Evidence destruction)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Forensic evidence of tampering)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

235. Escape from Custody: Breaking Out of Jail

Meaning: In simple words, this means a person who is lawfully in police custody or judicial custody (jail) escapes from that custody. This includes breaking out of jail, escaping from police vehicle, or fleeing while being taken to court. Helping someone escape from custody is also a crime.
BNS Section: 226 (Escape from lawful custody)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years (if under sentence: may extend to 10 years)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

236. Aiding Escape: Helping Prisoners Flee

Meaning: In simple words, this means helping a prisoner or arrested person to escape from lawful custody. This includes breaking open jail walls, bribing jail guards to let prisoner escape, providing tools for escape, or helping fugitive evade arrest. Even family members helping escape can be prosecuted.
BNS Section: 229 (Rescue or attempt to rescue person from custody)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years (if prisoner was charged with capital offence: may extend to 7 years)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

237. Harboring Offenders: Sheltering Criminals

Meaning: In simple words, this means knowingly hiding or giving shelter to someone who has committed a crime, to help them escape from arrest or punishment. This includes letting criminals hide in your house, providing them transportation to flee, or not reporting their whereabouts to police when you know they’re wanted.
BNS Section: 234 (Harbouring offender)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable (may be non-bailable if harboring serious offender)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years (punishment depends on severity of offence committed by harbored person)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

238. False FIR: Filing Fake Police Complaints

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately filing false complaints with police (FIR – First Information Report) knowing the information is untrue, with intention to harm someone, get them arrested, or waste police resources. False FIRs are often filed in property disputes, personal enmity, or to harass opponents. Both criminal and civil remedies are available against false complainants.
BNS Section: 244 (False complaint to injure person)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (FIR documents)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years (if false accusation is of serious offence: may extend to 7 years)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 14: Economic Crimes and Financial Fraud

239. Money Laundering: Converting Black Money to White

Meaning: In simple words, this means disguising illegally obtained money (from crimes like corruption, drug dealing, terrorism) to make it appear as if it came from legal sources. This includes transferring money through multiple accounts, investing in fake businesses, or buying property with crime money to hide its criminal origin.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21 & 300A
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial documents, bank records)
Special Act: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002
Bail: Non-Bailable (under PMLA)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under PMLA)
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment from 3 to 7 years (under PMLA)
Fine: And fine (under PMLA – may extend to Rs. 5,00,000)

240. Tax Evasion: Avoiding Legal Taxes

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally avoiding payment of taxes that you legally owe to the government. This includes hiding income, showing false expenses, not filing tax returns, maintaining fake accounts, or transferring money abroad to avoid taxes. Tax evasion deprives the nation of resources needed for public welfare.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by tax laws)
Constitution Article: 265 (No tax without authority of law)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial documents, tax records)
Special Act: Income Tax Act 1961, GST Act 2017
Bail: Bailable (under tax laws)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under tax laws)
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment from 6 months to 7 years (under Income Tax Act)
Fine: And fine (varies by tax law and amount evaded)

241. Black Money: Unaccounted Wealth

Meaning: In simple words, this means money or assets on which required taxes have not been paid, or which have been earned through illegal means and not reported to tax authorities. This includes cash hoarded at home, undeclared bank accounts abroad, or properties bought without proper documentation.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 265
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial records)
Special Act: Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act 2015
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (under Black Money Act)
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment up to 10 years (under Black Money Act)
Fine: And fine (up to 300% of tax evaded under Black Money Act)

242. Benami Transactions: Property in False Names

Meaning: In simple words, this means buying property or assets in someone else’s name (benami) to hide the real ownership, usually to avoid taxes or hide wealth. For example, buying a house in your driver’s name but you’re the real owner, or transferring property to relatives to avoid detection. The real owner is called beneficial owner.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 300A
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Property documents, financial records)
Special Act: Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act 1988 (amended 2016)
Bail: Non-Bailable (under Benami Act)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under Benami Act)
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment up to 7 years (under Benami Act)
Fine: And fine up to 25% of fair market value of property (under Benami Act)

243. Hawala Transactions: Illegal Money Transfer

Meaning: In simple words, this means transferring money through unofficial channels (hawala operators) without going through banks or legal financial institutions, usually to avoid leaving a trail or to bypass regulations. Hawala is often used for illegal money transfers, funding terrorism, or avoiding taxes.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial records)
Special Act: Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999, PMLA 2002
Bail: Non-Bailable (if linked to serious crimes)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under FEMA) or more if linked to terrorism/money laundering
Fine: And fine up to three times the amount involved (under FEMA)

244. Ponzi Schemes: Fraudulent Investment Plans

Meaning: In simple words, this means investment schemes that promise very high returns but actually pay old investors using money from new investors, not from any real profit. Eventually the scheme collapses when there aren’t enough new investors, and most people lose their money. Famous examples include chit fund scams that promise 20-30% monthly returns.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21 & 300A
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial documents, investor records)
Special Act: Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act 1978
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under BNS for cheating) or up to 3 years (under Prize Chits Act)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

245. Pyramid Schemes: Multi-Level Marketing Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means schemes where people make money mainly by recruiting new members rather than by selling actual products. Each person recruits others who pay to join, and money flows upward. Eventually, it becomes impossible to recruit enough new people and the scheme collapses, with those at bottom losing money.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Business documents, member records)
Special Act: Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act 1978
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under cheating provisions)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

246. Bank Fraud: Financial Institution Cheating

Meaning: In simple words, this means cheating banks through various methods – taking loans with fake documents, creating fake companies to get loans with no intention to repay (loan fraud), submitting forged papers for credit, or employees stealing from banks. This includes willful defaulters who take huge loans and deliberately don’t repay.
BNS Section: 316 (Criminal breach of trust) + 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Bank documents, loan agreements)
Special Act: Banking Regulation Act 1949
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (for breach of trust)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

247. Credit Card Fraud: Card Misuse and Theft

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally using someone else’s credit/debit card details to make purchases or withdraw money, or cloning cards (copying card details to make fake cards). This includes stealing physical cards, phishing for card details online, or using cards after you know they’re reported stolen.
BNS Section: 303 (Theft) + 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Electronic transaction records, bank statements)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under BNS) or up to 3 years and fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under IT Act)
Fine: Or with fine or with both

248. Insurance Fraud: False Claims

Meaning: In simple words, this means making false insurance claims to get money you’re not entitled to. This includes faking accidents, exaggerating damages, burning your own property to claim fire insurance, faking death to claim life insurance, or submitting false medical bills to claim health insurance.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Insurance documents, claim forms), 39-45 (Expert opinion on damages)
Special Act: Insurance Act 1938
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (if substantial cheating)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

249. Stock Market Manipulation: Insider Trading

Meaning: In simple words, this means using confidential information about a company (that is not available to public) to trade stocks and make profits. For example, a company director knowing his company will announce losses tomorrow sells his shares today before public knows. This is unfair to other investors and illegal.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Trading records, financial documents)
Special Act: Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act 1992
Bail: Bailable (under SEBI Act)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under SEBI Act)
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years (under SEBI Act)
Fine: Or fine up to Rs. 25 crore or three times the profit made, whichever is higher (under SEBI Act)

250. Corporate Fraud: Company Financial Crimes

Meaning: In simple words, this means frauds committed by companies or their executives – like showing false profits in financial statements to cheat investors, misusing company funds for personal benefit, paying bribes using company money, or creating fake companies to siphon off funds. Directors and executives can be held personally liable.
BNS Section: 316 (Criminal breach of trust) + 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Company financial records, audit reports)
Special Act: Companies Act 2013
Bail: Non-Bailable (for serious frauds)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 6 months to 10 years (under Companies Act, depending on fraud value)
Fine: And fine from Rs. 1,00,000 up to three times the amount involved (under Companies Act)

251. Bankruptcy Fraud: Hiding Assets During Insolvency

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a person or company declares bankruptcy (saying they can’t pay debts) but dishonestly hides assets, transfers property to relatives, or creates fake debts to cheat creditors. The bankrupt person must honestly declare all assets so creditors can recover what they’re owed.
BNS Section: 320 (Fraudulent removal of property)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Property documents, financial records)
Special Act: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under IBC) or up to 2 years (under BNS)
Fine: Or with fine or with both

252. Accounting Fraud: Book Manipulation

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately falsifying company accounts, financial statements, or books of accounts to show false profits/losses, hide illegal transactions, or mislead investors and tax authorities. This includes cooking books, creating fake invoices, or manipulating balance sheets.
BNS Section: 344 (Falsification of accounts)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial records, account books), 39-45 (Forensic accounting expert)
Special Act: Companies Act 2013
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (under BNS)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

253. Embezzlement: Misappropriation by Employees

Meaning: In simple words, this means when an employee, accountant, or trusted person who handles company money/property steals it for personal use. This includes cashiers taking money from tills, accountants transferring company funds to personal accounts, or managers using company credit cards for personal shopping.
BNS Section: 316 (Criminal breach of trust)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial records, transaction details)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (if by merchant, agent, factor, broker, attorney or employee)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

254. Bribery: Corruption in Public and Private Sector

Meaning: In simple words, this means giving or taking money, gifts, or favors to influence someone’s official actions or decisions. This includes bribing police to avoid traffic fines, bribing government officials to get licenses, or bribing employees to get contracts. Both the person giving bribe and taking bribe are guilty.
BNS Section: 171 (Bribery in elections) + various corruption sections
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Financial records)
Special Act: Prevention of Corruption Act 1988
Bail: Non-Bailable (under PC Act)
Cognizability: Cognizable (under PC Act)
Punishment: Imprisonment from 3 years to 7 years (under Prevention of Corruption Act)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (under PC Act)

255. Public Servant Taking Bribe: Government Corruption

Meaning: In simple words, this means when government officials, police, judges, or any public servant takes money or any gratification (favors, gifts) to do or not do their official duty. This includes police taking bribes to not register FIR, clerks taking money to process files faster, or officials taking bribes to grant licenses.
BNS Section: 166-168 (Public servant offences)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Financial records, trap evidence)
Special Act: Prevention of Corruption Act 1988
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 3 years to 7 years (under Prevention of Corruption Act)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (under PC Act – amount not specified)

256. Commercial Bribery: Private Sector Corruption

Meaning: In simple words, this means bribes in private business dealings – like bribing employees of other companies to get contracts, giving kickbacks to purchase managers for orders, or paying doctors to prescribe specific medicines. This distorts fair competition and increases costs for consumers.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating) + breach of trust provisions
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Financial records)
Special Act: Companies Act 2013 (related provisions)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

257. Nepotism and Favoritism: Unfair Advantage

Meaning: In simple words, this means giving unfair advantage to relatives, friends, or favored persons in jobs, contracts, or opportunities by those in power, instead of selecting based on merit. While not always criminal, nepotism in government or by public servants misusing their position can be prosecuted as misconduct.
BNS Section: 168 (Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade) or abuse of position
Constitution Article: 14 (Equality) & 16 (Equal opportunity)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Documents showing unfair selection)
Special Act: Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 (if public servant involved)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (if involves misconduct)
Punishment: Varies depending on whether public servant involved and nature of misconduct
Fine: At court’s discretion

258. Disproportionate Assets: Wealth Beyond Known Income

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a public servant (government official) possesses assets (property, money, jewelry) that are disproportionately more than their known legal sources of income. If you’re a clerk earning Rs. 30,000/month but own properties worth crores, you must explain the source. If you can’t, it’s presumed to be from corruption.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Asset documents, income tax returns)
Special Act: Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 (Section 13)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 1 year to 7 years (under Prevention of Corruption Act)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (under PC Act)

Category 15: Environmental Crimes

259. Air Pollution: Environmental Damage

Meaning: In simple words, this means releasing harmful pollutants into the air beyond permissible limits – from factory smoke, vehicle emissions, burning waste, construction dust, or any activity that makes air unsafe to breathe. Industries and vehicles must follow pollution control standards. Violators face fines and prosecution.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to clean environment)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Environmental expert opinion, pollution tests)
Special Act: Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 years (under Air Act, if continues after conviction)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 per day of continuing violation (under Air Act)

260. Water Pollution: Contamination of Water Sources

Meaning: In simple words, this means polluting rivers, lakes, ponds, groundwater, or any water body by discharging industrial waste, sewage, chemicals, or any harmful substances. This makes water unsafe for drinking, bathing, or aquatic life. Industries must treat their effluents before discharge. Polluting water sources is a crime.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Water quality test reports, expert opinion)
Special Act: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 years (under Water Act, if continues after conviction)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 per day of continuing violation (under Water Act)

261. Noise Pollution: Excessive Sound Levels

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating noise levels beyond permissible limits that disturb public peace and harm health – from loud music, industrial machinery, construction at night, loudspeakers, or vehicle horns. There are specific time limits and decibel limits. Using loudspeakers at night without permission, or loud music during exams/hospital zones is prohibited.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Sound level measurements)
Special Act: Environment (Protection) Act 1986, Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under Environment Protection Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under Environment Protection Act)

262. Solid Waste Mismanagement: Garbage Disposal Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means improper disposal of garbage and solid waste – throwing waste on roads, burning plastic in open air, not segregating waste, or industries dumping hazardous waste without proper treatment. Every person/business must dispose waste properly. Open burning of waste and littering public places are punishable.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Photographic evidence)
Special Act: Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 (under Environment Protection Act)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under Environment Protection Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under Environment Protection Act)

263. Plastic Pollution: Single-Use Plastic Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means manufacturing, selling, or using banned single-use plastic items like carry bags below certain thickness, plastic straws, plastic cutlery, or thermocol items. Many states have banned single-use plastics. Shopkeepers giving plastic bags, restaurants using plastic cutlery, or manufacturers making banned items can be fined.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Physical evidence of plastic items)
Special Act: Environment (Protection) Act 1986, Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under Environment Protection Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under Environment Protection Act); varies by state rules

264. Deforestation: Illegal Tree Cutting

Meaning: In simple words, this means cutting trees without permission from forest department or local authorities. Trees cannot be cut freely even on your own land in many cases – permission is required. Cutting trees in forest areas, protected trees, or large-scale cutting for commercial purposes without authorization is illegal and punishable.
BNS Section: 324 (Mischief to property)
Constitution Article: 21 & 48A (Duty to protect environment)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Tree cutting permissions/lack thereof)
Special Act: Indian Forest Act 1927, Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 months (under Forest Act)
Fine: Fine varies by state forest acts

265. Wildlife Crimes: Poaching and Illegal Trade

Meaning: In simple words, this means hunting, killing, or capturing protected wild animals, birds, or selling their body parts (like tiger skin, elephant tusks, rhino horns). This includes destroying animal habitats, trading in illegal wildlife products, or keeping protected animals as pets. India has strict wildlife protection laws.
BNS Section: 325 (Mischief to animals)
Constitution Article: 21 & 51A(g) (Duty to protect wildlife)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Wildlife expert opinion), 56-93 (Evidence of illegal trade)
Special Act: Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
Bail: Non-Bailable (for serious wildlife crimes)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 3 to 7 years (under Wildlife Act, varies by species)
Fine: Not less than Rs. 25,000 (can go up to Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 1,00,000 under Wildlife Act)

266. Illegal Mining: Unauthorized Extraction

Meaning: In simple words, this means mining minerals, sand, stones, or any earth material without proper government permission and licenses. This includes sand mafia illegally extracting river sand, illegal stone quarries, or mining in prohibited areas. Illegal mining destroys environment, causes landslides, and depletes natural resources.
BNS Section: 303 (Theft of natural resources)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Mining documents/lack thereof)
Special Act: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under MMDR Act)
Fine: Fine varies (can be substantial under mining laws)

267. Biomedical Waste Violations: Hospital Waste Mismanagement

Meaning: In simple words, this means improper disposal of medical waste from hospitals, clinics, labs, or blood banks – like used syringes, infected bandages, surgical waste, or laboratory samples. Such waste must be segregated, treated, and disposed through authorized agencies. Throwing medical waste in regular garbage or burning it openly is illegal and dangerous.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Medical expert opinion on waste classification)
Special Act: Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules 2016 (under Environment Protection Act)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under Environment Protection Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under Environment Protection Act)

268. E-Waste Violations: Electronic Waste Mismanagement

Meaning: In simple words, this means improper disposal of electronic waste like old computers, mobile phones, televisions, batteries, or any electronic equipment. E-waste contains hazardous materials and must be recycled through authorized facilities. Throwing e-waste in regular garbage, burning it, or informal recycling (like manually extracting metals) is prohibited.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Technical expert opinion on hazardous materials)
Special Act: E-Waste (Management) Rules 2016 (under Environment Protection Act)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under Environment Protection Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under Environment Protection Act)

269. Hazardous Waste Violations: Toxic Material Mismanagement

Meaning: In simple words, this means improper handling, storage, transport, or disposal of hazardous chemicals and toxic industrial waste. Industries generating hazardous waste must follow strict rules for storage, transportation through authorized carriers, and disposal in designated facilities. Dumping toxic waste in open land or water is serious environmental crime.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance) + 284 (Negligent conduct with poison)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Chemical analysis, toxicology reports)
Special Act: Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2016
Bail: Non-Bailable (if causes significant harm)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under Environment Protection Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under Environment Protection Act)

270. Environmental Impact Assessment Violations: Project Clearance Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means starting industrial projects, mines, dams, or construction without getting proper environmental clearances (EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment), or submitting false information to get clearances. Every major project must assess its environmental impact and get approval. Starting projects without clearance or violating clearance conditions is illegal.
BNS Section: 336-340 (Forgery if false documents submitted)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (EIA documents, clearance certificates)
Special Act: Environment (Protection) Act 1986, EIA Notification 2006
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under Environment Protection Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under Environment Protection Act)

Category 16: Consumer Protection Crimes

271. Sale of Adulterated Food: Food Safety Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means selling food items that are mixed with harmful or cheap substances to increase quantity or reduce cost – like mixing water in milk, chalk powder in spices, artificial colors in sweets, or using harmful preservatives. Adulterated food can cause serious health problems and even death.
BNS Section: 272 (Adulteration of food or drink)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Food testing laboratory reports)
Special Act: Food Safety and Standards Act 2006
Bail: Bailable (may be non-bailable if causes serious harm)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 months (under BNS) or life imprisonment (under FSSA if causes death)
Fine: Fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 (under BNS); under FSSA fine up to Rs. 10,00,000

272. Sale of Substandard Drugs: Pharmaceutical Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means manufacturing or selling medicines that don’t meet quality standards – like expired medicines, medicines with less active ingredients than claimed, contaminated drugs, or fake medicines. Substandard drugs can fail to cure diseases or cause harm. This is a serious public health crime.
BNS Section: 274 (Adulteration of drugs)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Drug testing laboratory reports, pharmaceutical expert opinion)
Special Act: Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940
Bail: Non-Bailable (for serious violations)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year (under BNS); under Drugs Act imprisonment up to life if causes death
Fine: And with fine (varies under different acts)

273. Counterfeit Medicines: Fake Drug Manufacturing

Meaning: In simple words, this means manufacturing completely fake medicines that contain no active pharmaceutical ingredients or wrong ingredients, packaged to look like genuine branded medicines. Fake medicines don’t cure diseases and can kill patients. This organized crime causes thousands of deaths and affects public trust in healthcare.
BNS Section: 274 (Adulteration of drugs)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Drug analysis reports), 56-93 (Packaging analysis)
Special Act: Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years (under Drugs Act) or life imprisonment (if causes death)
Fine: And fine up to Rs. 20,00,000 (under Drugs Act)

274. Misleading Advertisements: False Product Claims

Meaning: In simple words, this means advertising products with false or exaggerated claims that mislead consumers – like claiming a medicine cures all diseases, weight loss products with fake before-after photos, or products claiming government certification they don’t have. False advertising cheats consumers into buying based on lies.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(a) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Advertisement material, proof of false claims)
Special Act: Consumer Protection Act 2019, Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years (under Magic Remedies Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 5,000 (under Magic Remedies Act); varies by Consumer Protection Act

275. Defective Products: Manufacturing Defects

Meaning: In simple words, this means manufacturing or selling products that are defective and can cause harm to consumers – like electrical appliances that can cause electrocution, vehicles with faulty brakes, toys with sharp edges, or pressure cookers that explode. Manufacturers are responsible for product safety and liable for injuries caused by defects.
BNS Section: 106 (Causing death by negligence) if death occurs
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Product testing expert opinion)
Special Act: Consumer Protection Act 2019
Bail: Bailable (may be non-bailable if causes death)
Cognizability: Cognizable (if criminal negligence proven)
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (if death caused by negligence)
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount); separate compensation under Consumer Act

276. Unfair Trade Practices: Consumer Exploitation

Meaning: In simple words, this means business practices that deceive or cheat consumers – like false discounts (showing inflated original price and fake discount), forced selling (forcing customers to buy unwanted products), pyramid schemes, or refusing refunds for defective products. Unfair practices violate consumer rights.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Business documents, advertisements)
Special Act: Consumer Protection Act 2019
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable (civil matter primarily, but fraud can be criminal)
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (if proven as cheating)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount); under Consumer Act: penalties and compensation

277. Weighing and Measuring Fraud: Short Changing

Meaning: In simple words, this means using false weights or measures to cheat customers – like petrol pumps giving less petrol than meter shows, shopkeepers using manipulated weighing scales, or selling 900 grams and calling it 1 kilogram. This everyday fraud accumulates huge losses for consumers.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating) + 350 (False marking)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Weight/measure verification reports)
Special Act: Legal Metrology Act 2009
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year (under Legal Metrology Act)
Fine: Up to Rs. 10,000 or both (under Legal Metrology Act)

278. Hoarding and Black Marketing: Artificial Scarcity

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately creating artificial shortages by hoarding essential commodities (food grains, medicines, fuel) to increase prices and sell in black market at inflated rates. During emergencies or shortages, hoarding worsens crisis and exploits desperate consumers.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Stock records, storage evidence)
Special Act: Essential Commodities Act 1955
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years (under Essential Commodities Act during shortages)
Fine: Fine varies (can be substantial under Essential Commodities Act)

279. Medical Negligence Causing Harm: Healthcare Provider Liability

Meaning: In simple words, this means doctors, nurses, or hospitals causing harm to patients through negligent treatment – like wrong surgery, medication errors, leaving surgical instruments inside patients, or gross carelessness. While medical professionals can make honest mistakes, gross negligence or reckless disregard for patient safety is criminal.
BNS Section: 106 (Causing death by negligence) or 117 (Causing grievous hurt by negligence)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Medical expert opinion on standard of care)
Special Act: Consumer Protection Act 2019, Clinical Establishments Act 2010
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (if death caused) or up to 2 years (if grievous hurt)
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount)

280. Price Gouging During Emergencies: Exploitative Pricing

Meaning: In simple words, this means charging unreasonably high prices for essential goods during emergencies, disasters, or crises when people are desperate – like charging Rs. 500 for a water bottle during floods, or Rs. 10,000 for oxygen cylinder during COVID pandemic. Exploiting people’s distress for profit is illegal.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Pricing documents)
Special Act: Essential Commodities Act 1955, Disaster Management Act 2005
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years (under Disaster Management Act)
Fine: Fine varies (can be substantial)

Category 17: Cyber Crimes

281. Hacking: Unauthorized Computer Access

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally accessing someone’s computer, mobile phone, email account, or any digital system without permission. This includes breaking passwords, exploiting security weaknesses, or using malware to gain unauthorized access. Hackers steal data, money, or cause damage to systems.
BNS Section: 303 (Theft of data) + 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital/electronic evidence, system logs)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000 (Section 66)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under IT Act Section 66)
Fine: And fine up to Rs. 5,00,000 (under IT Act)

282. Phishing: Online Identity Theft Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means creating fake websites, emails, or messages that look like genuine ones (banks, government, companies) to trick people into revealing passwords, OTPs, credit card details, or personal information. Phishing fraudsters then use this information to steal money from accounts.
BNS Section: 318-319 (Cheating by impersonation)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital evidence – fake websites, emails, messages)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under IT Act)
Fine: And fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under IT Act)

283. Cyber Stalking: Online Harassment

Meaning: In simple words, this means repeatedly following, monitoring, or harassing someone online – sending unwanted messages repeatedly, tracking their social media activity, posting their private photos online, creating fake profiles to harass them, or threatening them through internet. This is digital form of stalking.
BNS Section: 78 (Stalking)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital evidence – messages, posts, screenshots)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Bailable (first offence), Non-Bailable (subsequent)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (first offence) or up to 5 years (subsequent)
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount)

284. Cyber Bullying: Digital Harassment of Minors

Meaning: In simple words, this means using internet, social media, or digital platforms to bully, threaten, humiliate, or harass someone (especially children and teenagers). This includes posting embarrassing content, spreading rumors online, sending threatening messages, or creating hate pages against someone.
BNS Section: 79 (Words/gestures to insult modesty) + various harassment provisions
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Social media posts, messages, screenshots)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000, POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year (under BNS) or more if involves minors (POCSO)
Fine: Or with fine or with both

285. Ransomware Attacks: Digital Extortion

Meaning: In simple words, this means infecting someone’s computer with malicious software (ransomware) that locks all their files, and then demanding money (ransom) to unlock them. If ransom is not paid, files are deleted or leaked. This affects individuals, businesses, hospitals, and even government systems.
BNS Section: 308 (Extortion)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital forensic evidence)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (extortion) or up to 3 years (under IT Act)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount)

286. Data Breach: Unauthorized Data Disclosure

Meaning: In simple words, this means companies, organizations, or service providers failing to protect customer data, resulting in theft or unauthorized disclosure of personal information (names, addresses, phone numbers, bank details). Companies collecting user data have legal duty to protect it. Data breaches expose users to fraud and identity theft.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to privacy)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital records, breach investigation reports)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000 (Section 43A), Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: No imprisonment under IT Act Section 43A (compensation only); DPDP Act has penalties
Fine: Compensation to affected persons (under IT Act); penalties under DPDP Act up to Rs. 250 crores

287. Online Child Exploitation: Digital Child Abuse

Meaning: In simple words, this means using internet to sexually exploit children – creating, distributing, or possessing child pornography (sexually explicit images/videos of children), grooming children online for sexual abuse, or live-streaming child sexual abuse. This is one of the most heinous cyber crimes.
BNS Section: 64-73 (Sexual offences against children)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187), 184 (Medical examination), 254-352 (Trial)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital evidence – images, videos, chat logs)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012, Information Technology Act 2000 (Section 67B)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment not less than 5 years, may extend to 7 years or life (under POCSO for various offences)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (POCSO does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

288. Online Fraud: Internet Scams

Meaning: In simple words, this means various types of frauds committed through internet – fake online shopping websites that don’t deliver goods, lottery frauds, work-from-home scams, fake investment schemes, OLX/Quikr frauds, or dating app frauds. Internet makes it easy for scammers to reach victims and disappear after cheating.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital evidence – websites, transaction records, messages)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (if substantial cheating)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

289. Cryptocurrency Fraud: Digital Currency Scams

Meaning: In simple words, this means frauds related to cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) – fake cryptocurrency exchanges that steal money, Ponzi schemes promising guaranteed returns in crypto, pump-and-dump schemes, fake ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings), or hackers stealing crypto wallets. Crypto’s anonymity makes it popular for scammers.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating) + 320 (Fraudulent property dealings)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital transaction records, blockchain analysis)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (if substantial cheating)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

290. Social Media Crimes: Platform Misuse

Meaning: In simple words, this means various crimes committed through social media platforms – spreading fake news, morphing photos to defame someone, creating fake profiles to harass or cheat people, posting revenge porn, inciting violence through viral posts, or running scams through Facebook/Instagram/WhatsApp. Social media amplifies reach of crimes.
BNS Section: Various sections (356 Defamation, 353 Spreading false information, 318 Cheating, etc.)
Constitution Article: 19(2) & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Social media posts, messages, screenshots)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Varies (Bailable for defamation, Non-Bailable for serious crimes)
Cognizability: Varies by specific crime
Punishment: Varies from 1 year to 7 years depending on specific offence
Fine: Varies by specific crime

291. Dark Web Crimes: Underground Internet Activities

Meaning: In simple words, this means crimes committed through the “dark web” (hidden part of internet not accessible through regular browsers) where criminals operate anonymously – buying/selling drugs, weapons, stolen data, fake documents, or hiring hitmen. Dark web provides anonymity but law enforcement agencies can still track criminals.
BNS Section: Various sections depending on specific crime
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital forensic evidence, blockchain analysis)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000, NDPS Act 1985 (if drugs), Arms Act (if weapons)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Varies widely depending on specific crime (drugs: up to 20 years, weapons: up to life)
Fine: Varies by specific crime

292. Online Gambling and Betting: Digital Gaming Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means operating or participating in online gambling websites, betting apps, or games of chance for money through internet. Most forms of online gambling are illegal in India except in certain states. Many people lose huge amounts through online betting apps and gaming websites.
BNS Section: 294-296 (Gambling and lottery provisions)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital evidence – apps, websites, transaction records)
Special Act: Public Gambling Act 1867 (various state amendments), Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (in states where gambling is illegal)
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 months (under Public Gambling Act, varies by state)
Fine: Fine varies by state gambling laws (generally Rs. 200 to Rs. 1,000)

293. Online Piracy: Copyright Infringement

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally copying, distributing, or downloading copyrighted content through internet – pirated movies on torrent sites, illegally streaming sports/shows, downloading cracked software, sharing pirated books/music, or running websites hosting pirated content. This violates creators’ rights and causes economic losses.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 19(1)(a)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital evidence – pirated content, website data)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (if commercial scale)
Punishment: Imprisonment from 6 months to 3 years (under Copyright Act)
Fine: Fine from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 2,00,000 (under Copyright Act)

294. Fake News and Misinformation: Digital Disinformation

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately creating and spreading false information through internet and social media that can cause public harm – fake news about riots, false medical information during pandemics, manipulated videos (deepfakes), or false information to influence elections. Misinformation can cause panic, violence, or damage democracy.
BNS Section: 353 (Statements conducing to public mischief)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Social media posts, forwarded messages, original source tracking)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

295. Cyber Terrorism: Digital Attacks on Critical Infrastructure

Meaning: In simple words, this means using cyber attacks to threaten national security or create terror – hacking into defense systems, attacking power grids or banks through internet, spreading terror through online propaganda, recruiting for terrorist organizations online, or hacking critical infrastructure like airports, nuclear plants, or government systems.
BNS Section: 113 (Terrorist acts)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital forensic evidence, network logs)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000 (Section 66F), Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment for life (under IT Act Section 66F)
Fine: Fine may also be imposed (IT Act does not specify amount)

296. SIM Card Fraud: Mobile Phone Crimes

Meaning: In simple words, this means frauds related to mobile SIM cards – getting duplicate SIM cards issued in your name without your knowledge (to access your bank OTPs and steal money), using fake documents to get SIM cards for crimes, or SIM swap frauds where criminals transfer your number to their SIM.
BNS Section: 318-319 (Cheating by impersonation) + 336-340 (Forgery)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (SIM card records, telecom data, forged documents)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000, Indian Telegraph Act 1885
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (for forgery)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

297. UPI and Digital Payment Fraud: Electronic Transaction Crimes

Meaning: In simple words, this means frauds in digital payments – tricking people into scanning QR codes that deduct money instead of receiving, phishing for UPI PINs, creating fake payment apps, reversing payments after receiving goods, or exploiting bugs in payment systems. Digital payments are convenient but also create new fraud opportunities.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating) + 303 (Theft)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital transaction records, screenshots, bank statements)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000, Payment and Settlement Systems Act 2007
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

298. Revenge Porn: Non-Consensual Intimate Image Sharing

Meaning: In simple words, this means sharing private intimate or sexual photos/videos of someone without their consent, usually after a breakup (revenge porn), or threatening to share such content to blackmail them (sextortion). This serious crime violates privacy and dignity, often driving victims to suicide.
BNS Section: 77 (Voyeurism – capturing, disseminating or transmitting image of private area without consent)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Digital images/videos, sharing evidence)
Special Act: Information Technology Act 2000
Bail: Non-Bailable (subsequent offence)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (first conviction) or up to 7 years (subsequent conviction)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

Category 18: Drug and Substance Abuse Crimes

299. Drug Trafficking: Narcotic Substance Distribution

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally buying, selling, transporting, or distributing drugs like heroin, cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, or other banned narcotic substances. Drug trafficking destroys lives, funds terrorism, and is punished very severely – even small quantities can result in 10-20 years imprisonment.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Drug testing laboratory reports), 56-93 (Seizure evidence)
Special Act: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act 1985
Bail: Non-Bailable (under NDPS Act)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment from 10 years to 20 years (depending on quantity under NDPS Act); death penalty for repeat offenders
Fine: Fine up to Rs. 2,00,000 (can go higher based on quantity)

300. Drug Possession: Having Illegal Substances

Meaning: In simple words, this means being caught with illegal drugs in your possession – even small quantities for personal use. While punishment is less severe than trafficking, possessing drugs is still a serious crime. The quantity determines if it’s small quantity (lesser punishment), commercial quantity (harsher punishment), or intermediate.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Drug testing reports), 56-93 (Seizure memo)
Special Act: NDPS Act 1985
Bail: Bailable (for small quantity), Non-Bailable (for commercial quantity)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year (small quantity) or up to 20 years (commercial quantity) under NDPS Act
Fine: Up to Rs. 10,000 (small quantity) or up to Rs. 2,00,000 (commercial quantity) under NDPS Act

301. Drug Manufacturing: Illegal Drug Production

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally manufacturing or producing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances – running illegal drug labs, cultivating opium poppies or cannabis plants, or extracting drugs from natural sources. Drug manufacturing gets the most severe punishment because it’s the source of the drug supply chain.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Chemical analysis), 56-93 (Lab equipment seizure)
Special Act: NDPS Act 1985
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment not less than 10 years, may extend to 20 years (under NDPS Act); death penalty possible for repeat offenders
Fine: Fine not less than Rs. 1,00,000, may extend to Rs. 2,00,000 (under NDPS Act)

302. Illicit Alcohol: Illegal Liquor Production and Sale

Meaning: In simple words, this means manufacturing, selling, or transporting illegal alcohol – like making country liquor without license, selling spurious/fake alcohol, or bootlegging (illegally selling alcohol in dry states). Illicit liquor often contains methanol and causes deaths. Hooch tragedies kill hundreds.
BNS Section: 275 (Sale of noxious food or drink)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Chemical analysis of liquor)
Special Act: Various State Excise Acts
Bail: Non-Bailable (if causes death)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years (if causes death) under BNS; varies under state excise laws
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

303. Tobacco Violations: Smoking and Sale Restrictions

Meaning: In simple words, this means violating tobacco control laws – smoking in public places (restaurants, offices, hospitals, schools), selling tobacco to minors (below 18 years), selling tobacco within 100 yards of educational institutions, or selling tobacco without health warnings. These violations protect public health, especially children.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (COTPA) Act 2003
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (for violations under COTPA)
Fine: Fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (varies by violation under COTPA)

304. Prescription Drug Abuse: Misuse of Medicines

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally using prescription medicines (like painkillers, sleeping pills, cough syrups with codeine) without prescription, or doctors/chemists illegally selling such medicines. Many prescription drugs are addictive and controlled. Using or selling them without proper prescription is illegal.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special acts)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Drug analysis), 56-93 (Prescription records)
Special Act: NDPS Act 1985, Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940
Bail: Bailable (depends on substance)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment varies from 1 year to 10 years depending on substance and quantity
Fine: Varies by act and substance

305. Poppy Cultivation: Illegal Opium Farming

Meaning: In simple words, this means growing opium poppy plants without government license. Opium is the source of heroin and other narcotics. Only licensed farmers in certain areas can grow opium for medical purposes under strict supervision. Illegal cultivation, even on small land, is a serious crime.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Botanical examination), 56-93 (Land records)
Special Act: NDPS Act 1985
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Rigorous imprisonment up to 10 years (under NDPS Act)
Fine: And fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (under NDPS Act)

306. Cannabis Cultivation: Illegal Marijuana Farming

Meaning: In simple words, this means growing cannabis (marijuana/ganja) plants illegally. Cannabis is banned in most of India (except in certain traditional/religious contexts with permissions). Growing cannabis plants, even for personal use, is illegal. Quantity determines punishment – more plants mean harsher punishment.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Botanical examination), 56-93 (Plant seizure evidence)
Special Act: NDPS Act 1985
Bail: Bailable (small quantity), Non-Bailable (commercial quantity)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years (depending on quantity under NDPS Act)
Fine: Fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (depending on quantity under NDPS Act)

307. Drug Peddling in Educational Institutions: Campus Drug Sales

Meaning: In simple words, this means selling or distributing drugs near schools, colleges, or universities. Targeting students for drug sales is treated extra seriously because it corrupts youth and future of society. Even being caught with drugs near educational institutions increases punishment.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21 & 24
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Drug analysis), 54-55 (Student witnesses)
Special Act: NDPS Act 1985 (enhanced punishment provisions)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Enhanced punishment – can go up to death penalty under NDPS Act
Fine: Enhanced fine under NDPS Act

308. Financing Drug Trade: Money in Narcotics

Meaning: In simple words, this means providing money or financial support to drug trafficking operations – investing in drug shipments, financing drug manufacturing labs, or laundering drug money. Financiers who fund drug trade without touching drugs themselves are equally guilty and punished severely.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special acts)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Financial records, money trail)
Special Act: NDPS Act 1985, Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Same as drug trafficking – rigorous imprisonment from 10 to 20 years
Fine: Fine up to Rs. 2,00,000 or more; assets subject to confiscation

Category 19: Offences Against Marriage and Family

309. Adultery: Extramarital Relations

Meaning: In simple words, this means a married person having sexual relations with someone other than their spouse. In 2018, Supreme Court decriminalized adultery – it is no longer a crime in India. However, adultery can still be a ground for divorce in civil law. The criminal law no longer punishes adultery.
BNS Section: N/A (Decriminalized – not a crime anymore)
Constitution Article: 21 (Decriminalized under Right to Privacy)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: N/A (Civil matter under personal laws)
Bail: N/A (Not a crime)
Cognizability: N/A (Not a crime)
Punishment: N/A (Not punishable criminally; only ground for divorce)
Fine: N/A

310. Desertion: Abandoning Spouse

Meaning: In simple words, this means a husband or wife abandoning their spouse without reasonable cause and without their consent – leaving the matrimonial home and refusing to return, or forcing spouse to leave. Desertion for continuous period (usually 2 years) is a ground for divorce, but not a criminal offence.
BNS Section: N/A (Not a criminal offence – civil/matrimonial matter)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Special Marriage Act 1954, other personal laws
Bail: N/A (Not a crime)
Cognizability: N/A (Not a crime)
Punishment: N/A (Not punishable criminally; ground for divorce)
Fine: N/A

311. Maintenance Violations: Non-Payment of Support

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a person who is legally obligated to provide financial support (maintenance) to their spouse, children, or parents refuses or fails to pay despite having sufficient means. Courts can order maintenance, and willfully not paying can lead to imprisonment.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered under BNSS)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 144-146 (Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Income proof, financial documents)
Special Act: Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956, other personal laws
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 month for each breach of maintenance order (under BNSS)
Fine: Or fine which may extend to Rs. 5,000 or both (per month default)

312. Child Custody Violations: Parental Abduction

Meaning: In simple words, this means when one parent (usually during divorce proceedings) takes the child away from the other parent who has legal custody, or refuses to return child after visitation, or takes child out of country without permission. Violating custody orders is contempt of court.
BNS Section: 137 (Kidnapping from lawful guardianship)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Court custody orders)
Special Act: Guardians and Wards Act 1890
Bail: Bailable (in parent-child disputes)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (under BNS for kidnapping)
Fine: Or with fine or with both; also contempt of court proceedings

313. Restitution of Conjugal Rights: Court-Ordered Cohabitation

Meaning: In simple words, this means when husband or wife withdraws from the society of the other without reasonable excuse, the other spouse can file petition in court to order them to return to matrimonial home and live together (restitution of conjugal rights). If the order is disobeyed for one year, it becomes ground for divorce. This is civil remedy, not criminal.
BNS Section: N/A (Civil matrimonial remedy)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Hindu Marriage Act 1955 (Section 9), Special Marriage Act 1954, other personal laws
Bail: N/A (Civil matter)
Cognizability: N/A (Civil matter)
Punishment: N/A (Disobedience of decree can be contempt of court; becomes ground for divorce)
Fine: N/A

314. Polygamy Violations: Multiple Marriages

Meaning: In simple words, this means having more than one spouse at the same time. For Hindus, Christians, Parsis, Jews, and under Special Marriage Act, polygamy (having multiple wives) or polyandry (having multiple husbands) is illegal. Muslim men can have up to four wives under personal law. Illegal polygamy is punishable as bigamy.
BNS Section: 82 (Bigamy)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Marriage certificates)
Special Act: Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Christian Marriage Act, Special Marriage Act 1954
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 7 years
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

315. Void and Voidable Marriages: Invalid Marriage Laws

Meaning: In simple words, void marriages are marriages that are invalid from the beginning (like marrying within prohibited relationships, or bigamous marriage). Voidable marriages are valid until annulled by court (like marriage without consent, or impotence). These are civil matters for annulment/divorce, not criminal unless fraud or force is involved.
BNS Section: N/A (Civil matter unless involves fraud 83/force)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: 56-93 (Marriage documents, medical evidence)
Special Act: Hindu Marriage Act 1955 (Sections 5, 11, 12), Special Marriage Act 1954, other personal laws
Bail: N/A (Civil matter)
Cognizability: N/A (Civil matter)
Punishment: N/A (Annulment/divorce remedy; criminal if fraud/force involved)
Fine: N/A

316. Inter-Religious Marriage Restrictions: Special Marriage Laws

Meaning: In simple words, this refers to some state laws requiring couples of different religions to give advance notice to government before marriage (to prevent alleged “forced conversions”). These laws are controversial. Constitution protects freedom to marry anyone. The Special Marriage Act 1954 allows inter-religious marriages. No central criminal law restricts inter-religious marriages.
BNS Section: N/A (No central criminal law)
Constitution Article: 21 & 25 (Freedom of religion and choice)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Special Marriage Act 1954, various state laws
Bail: N/A
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: Some state laws provide penalties for forced conversions through marriage
Fine: Varies by state law

317. Domestic Violence – Emotional Abuse: Psychological Cruelty

Meaning: In simple words, this means mental torture, harassment, or emotional abuse by husband or his family – constant taunting, insults, threats, controlling behavior, isolating woman from family, or causing mental agony. Physical violence is not necessary – emotional and verbal abuse alone constitutes domestic violence.
BNS Section: 85-86 (Cruelty by husband or relatives)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence, witness testimony)
Special Act: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under BNS)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

318. Domestic Violence – Economic Abuse: Financial Control

Meaning: In simple words, this means controlling or depriving woman of economic resources – not allowing her to work, taking away her salary, not providing money for household needs, taking her jewelry/property, or throwing her out of matrimonial home. Economic abuse is a form of domestic violence.
BNS Section: 85-86 (Cruelty)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Financial documents)
Special Act: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years (under BNS)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine; also monetary relief under DV Act

Category 20: Animal Welfare Crimes

319. Animal Cruelty: Torture and Abuse

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally causing pain, suffering, or torture to animals – beating animals, starving them, keeping them in cruel conditions, overloading animals beyond capacity, or inflicting unnecessary pain. Animals have rights and causing them suffering is a punishable crime.
BNS Section: 325 (Mischief by killing or maiming animal)
Constitution Article: 51A(g) (Duty to have compassion for living creatures)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Veterinary expert opinion)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under BNS)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (under BNS); under PCA Act: fine from Rs. 10 to Rs. 50 (first offence) or Rs. 25 to Rs. 100 (subsequent offence)

320. Animal Abandonment: Deserting Pets

Meaning: In simple words, this means abandoning pets or animals you own – leaving dogs on streets, throwing away cats, or abandoning animals when you move houses. When you take responsibility for an animal, you cannot just throw it away. Pet owners have legal duty to care for their animals throughout their life.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence of abandonment)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Fine up to Rs. 100 (under PCA Act)
Fine: Rs. 100 (under PCA Act)

321. Animal Fighting: Organized Animal Abuse

Meaning: In simple words, this means organizing or participating in animal fights for entertainment or gambling – like dog fighting, cockfighting, bull fighting, or making animals fight each other. Animal fighting causes extreme suffering and is completely banned. Even watching such fights or betting on them is illegal.
BNS Section: 325 (Mischief to animals)
Constitution Article: 51A(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Veterinary examination of injuries)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 5 years (under BNS)
Fine: And with fine or with both (BNS); fine under PCA Act Rs. 100-500

322. Illegal Animal Transport: Overcrowding and Inhumane Conditions

Meaning: In simple words, this means transporting animals in cruel or inhumane conditions – overcrowding animals in trucks, transporting without food/water, keeping animals in suffocating conditions, or transporting in extreme heat/cold. There are legal rules for animal transport that must be followed.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Veterinary examination)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960, Transport of Animals Rules 1978
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Fine up to Rs. 500 (under PCA Act)
Fine: Rs. 50 to Rs. 500 (under PCA Act)

323. Illegal Animal Slaughter: Unlicensed Butchering

Meaning: In simple words, this means killing animals for meat without following legal procedures – slaughtering animals in illegal slaughterhouses, killing animals in cruel methods, or violating state laws on animal slaughter. Most states ban cow slaughter. Even for permitted animals, slaughter must be done humanely in licensed facilities.
BNS Section: 325 (Mischief to animals)
Constitution Article: 51A(g) & 48 (Cow protection)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Veterinary examination)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960, various state Cow Protection Acts
Bail: Non-Bailable (in cow slaughter cases in many states)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 10 years (in some state cow protection laws)
Fine: Varies by state law

324. Illegal Pet Trade: Exotic Animal Trafficking

Meaning: In simple words, this means buying, selling, or keeping illegal exotic pets – like keeping parrots, turtles, monkeys, or other protected wild animals as pets without permission. Many animals cannot be legally kept as pets. Exotic pet trade often involves cruelty during capture and transport, and threatens wild species.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Wildlife expert identification)
Special Act: Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960
Bail: Non-Bailable (for protected species)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment from 3 to 7 years (under Wildlife Act)
Fine: Not less than Rs. 25,000 (under Wildlife Act)

325. Animal Testing Violations: Laboratory Animal Abuse

Meaning: In simple words, this means using animals for scientific experiments or cosmetic testing without following prescribed guidelines. While some animal testing is permitted for medical research with proper approvals, unnecessary animal testing, using more animals than needed, or not following humane protocols is illegal.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert opinion on protocols)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960, Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Fine up to Rs. 500 (under PCA Act)
Fine: Rs. 100 to Rs. 500 (under PCA Act)

326. Circus Animal Abuse: Entertainment Animal Exploitation

Meaning: In simple words, this means using animals in circuses, street performances, or for begging where they are kept in cruel conditions, trained through beating, or forced to perform unnatural acts. Using bears for dancing, monkeys for street performances, or wild animals in circuses is now banned in India.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Veterinary examination)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 (Performing Animals Rules)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Fine up to Rs. 500 (under PCA Act)
Fine: Rs. 100 to Rs. 500 (under PCA Act)

327. Cattle Smuggling: Illegal Animal Transport Across Borders

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally transporting cattle across state or international borders – often to states or countries where slaughter laws are different. Cattle smuggling involves cramming animals in trucks in cruel conditions, transporting without documents, and evading checkpoints. Many animals die during illegal transport.
BNS Section: 303 (Theft) + 325 (Mischief to animals)
Constitution Article: 51A(g)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Transport documents)
Special Act: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960, various state cattle protection laws
Bail: Non-Bailable (in many states)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment varies by state law (can go up to 10 years in some states)
Fine: Varies by state law

Category 21: Miscellaneous Offences

328. Suicide Attempt: Legal Status in India

Meaning: In simple words, attempting to commit suicide is NO LONGER A CRIME in India. Mental Healthcare Act 2017 decriminalized suicide attempts, recognizing that people attempting suicide need help, not punishment. Police cannot prosecute someone for attempting suicide. However, abetting (helping) someone’s suicide is still a crime.
BNS Section: N/A (Decriminalized – not a crime)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to life with dignity)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Mental Healthcare Act 2017 (decriminalized suicide attempt)
Bail: N/A (Not a crime – person to be provided care and treatment)
Cognizability: N/A (Not a crime)
Punishment: N/A (Not punishable – person needs mental health support)
Fine: N/A

329. Begging: Criminalization Debates

Meaning: In simple words, this refers to laws in many states that criminalize begging (asking for alms in public). However, courts have said that criminalizing begging violates rights of poor and homeless. Many states are decriminalizing begging. Forcing others to beg (especially children or disabled persons) is definitely a crime and severely punished.
BNS Section: N/A (State subject – varies by state)
Constitution Article: 21 (Courts have read right to livelihood)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence if forced begging)
Special Act: Various state Prevention of Begging Acts (many being challenged/repealed)
Bail: Bailable (where begging is criminalized)
Cognizability: Varies by state
Punishment: Detention in beggar homes (varies by state); Forcing others to beg: imprisonment up to 10 years (BNS 139)
Fine: Varies by state

330. Vagrancy: Homeless Person Laws

Meaning: In simple words, vagrancy means being homeless and wandering without visible means of support. Like begging laws, criminalizing homelessness is now seen as violation of human rights. Courts have held that being homeless is not a crime. However, laws against loitering with criminal intent remain valid.
BNS Section: N/A (Largely decriminalized)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to live with dignity)
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Various state laws (being reformed)
Bail: N/A
Cognizability: N/A
Punishment: N/A (Being homeless not a crime; loitering with criminal intent remains punishable)
Fine: N/A

331. Obscenity in Public: Indecent Acts

Meaning: In simple words, this means doing obscene or indecent acts in public places – like singing obscene songs, making vulgar gestures, urinating in public view, or any act that offends public decency. The act must be in public place where others can see it. What counts as “obscene” depends on contemporary community standards.
BNS Section: 294 (Obscene acts in public)
Constitution Article: 19(2) (Reasonable restrictions on speech)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence of witnesses)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 500 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 500)

332. Public Urination and Defecation: Sanitation Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means urinating or defecating in open public places instead of using toilets. This is punishable under public nuisance laws and municipal bylaws. Open defecation is major health hazard. While government builds toilets, those who can afford toilets but still defecate openly can be fined.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance) + 294 (Obscene acts)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to sanitation)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Various municipal bylaws and sanitation rules
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (under municipal laws)
Punishment: Fine under municipal laws (generally Rs. 100 to Rs. 500)
Fine: Varies by municipal law

333. Loitering: Suspicious Movement Laws

Meaning: In simple words, this means wandering around or lurking in public places with intent to commit an offence – like loitering near ATMs to rob people, hanging around schools with wrong intentions, or suspiciously watching houses to plan burglary. Simple loitering without criminal intent is not an offence.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered under various specific provisions for specific intents)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to move freely)
BNSS Section: 173-187 (Police can question suspicious persons)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence of suspicious behavior)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable (if detained for questioning)
Cognizability: Varies (depends on suspected crime)
Punishment: No punishment for loitering itself; punished if criminal intent proven
Fine: N/A

334. Drunk and Disorderly: Public Intoxication

Meaning: In simple words, this means being so drunk in public that you’re causing disturbance – fighting, shouting abuses, behaving violently, or unable to take care of yourself. Being drunk alone is not a crime, but creating public nuisance while drunk is punishable. This protects both public peace and the drunk person’s safety.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 19 & 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Blood alcohol test if needed)
Special Act: Various state police acts and excise laws
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Detention till sober; fine under state police acts (generally Rs. 200 to Rs. 1,000)
Fine: Varies by state law

335. Mischief to Public Property: Damaging Government Assets

Meaning: In simple words, this means intentionally damaging government or public property – like breaking bus stop shelters, damaging park benches, vandalizing government buildings, breaking street lights, or destroying railway property. Public property belongs to everyone, and damaging it affects entire community.
BNS Section: 324 (Mischief)
Constitution Article: 21 & 51A (Fundamental duty to protect public property)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Damage assessment reports)
Special Act: Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act 1984
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 months (under Prevention of Damage Act) or up to 3 months (under BNS for simple mischief)
Fine: Or with fine or with both; compensation for damage (under Prevention of Damage Act)

336. Graffiti and Vandalism: Property Defacement

Meaning: In simple words, this means drawing, writing, or spraying on walls, buildings, monuments, or public structures without permission. While some see graffiti as art, it’s property damage if done without owner’s consent. Defacing historical monuments or public property is punished more seriously.
BNS Section: 324 (Mischief)
Constitution Article: 51A (Duty to protect heritage)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Photographs of defacement)
Special Act: Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites Act 1958 (if heritage sites)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 months (under BNS) or up to 2 years (if heritage monuments under AMASR Act)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS); fine up to Rs. 1,00,000 (for heritage monuments)

337. Squatting: Illegal Occupation of Property

Meaning: In simple words, this means illegally occupying someone else’s land or property without permission – like encroaching on government land, occupying vacant houses, or grabbing plots. Squatters have no legal right to property. Property owners can take civil action for eviction and criminal action for trespass.
BNS Section: 329 (Criminal trespass)
Constitution Article: 300A (Right to property)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Property documents, title deeds)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 3,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 3,000)

338. Littering: Public Space Pollution

Meaning: In simple words, this means throwing garbage, plastic, or waste in public places instead of using dustbins – like throwing wrappers on roads, spitting on walls, or dumping household waste on streets. Littering pollutes environment, blocks drains, and makes cities dirty. Most municipalities have fines for littering.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to clean environment)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Photographs/video evidence)
Special Act: Swachh Bharat Mission guidelines, municipal bylaws
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (under municipal laws)
Punishment: Fine under municipal bylaws (generally Rs. 500 to Rs. 5,000)
Fine: Varies by city/municipal corporation

339. Spitting in Public: Public Health Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means spitting on roads, walls, public transport, or any public place. Spitting spreads diseases (especially tuberculosis) and makes places unhygienic. It’s a punishable offence under public health laws. Most railway stations, metros, and public places prohibit spitting with fines.
BNS Section: 268 (Public nuisance)
Constitution Article: 21 (Public health)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Municipal bylaws, Railway Act (for railway premises)
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (under municipal laws)
Punishment: Fine under municipal laws (generally Rs. 100 to Rs. 500)
Fine: Varies by municipal law; Railways: Rs. 100

340. Jaywalking: Pedestrian Traffic Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means crossing roads illegally – not using zebra crossings, crossing when signal is red, or crossing highways where pedestrian crossing is prohibited. While India doesn’t strictly enforce jaywalking laws like some countries, rash crossing endangers pedestrians and can cause accidents.
BNS Section: N/A (Traffic violation, not criminal)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: N/A
BSA Section: N/A
Special Act: Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (pedestrian provisions)
Bail: N/A (Civil fine)
Cognizability: N/A (Civil fine)
Punishment: Fine under Motor Vehicles Act (generally Rs. 500)
Fine: Rs. 500 (varies by state)

341. Ticket-less Travel: Public Transport Fraud

Meaning: In simple words, this means traveling in public transport (buses, trains, metro) without buying a ticket, or with invalid/expired ticket, or traveling in higher class with lower class ticket. This is theft of service. You can be fined and, in repeated cases, prosecuted for cheating.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating) – for repeated/willful offences
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Railways Act 1989 (for train travel), Metro Acts, State Road Transport Acts
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Non-Cognizable (usually)
Punishment: Fine with penalty fare (generally 250 times normal fare for Railways)
Fine: Penalty varies (Railways: Rs. 250 + fare; Metro: Rs. 500 + fare)

342. Trespassing on Railway Property: Railway Protection

Meaning: In simple words, this means entering railway property without authorization – crossing railway tracks instead of using foot over-bridge, entering restricted railway areas, or walking along railway lines. Trespassing on railway tracks is extremely dangerous and causes many deaths. It’s a punishable offence.
BNS Section: 329 (Criminal trespass)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Railways Act 1989
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 months (under Railways Act)
Fine: Or fine up to Rs. 1,000 or both (under Railways Act)

343. Carrying Inflammable Substances in Public Transport: Safety Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means carrying dangerous items like petrol, kerosene, gas cylinders, firecrackers, or other inflammable/explosive materials in buses, trains, or metro without permission. This endangers all passengers’ lives and is strictly prohibited. Special permission needed for legitimate transport.
BNS Section: 285 (Negligent conduct with fire or combustible matter)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Seizure of items)
Special Act: Railways Act 1989, Explosives Act 1884
Bail: Non-Bailable (for explosives)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months (under BNS)
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both; higher penalties under Explosives Act

344. Flying Kites Near Airports or Power Lines: Aviation Safety

Meaning: In simple words, this means flying kites near airports (which can interfere with aircraft) or using Chinese manja (glass-coated thread) which can cut people’s throats, electrocute on power lines, or harm birds. Many cities ban kite flying during certain periods or in restricted zones for safety.
BNS Section: 285 (Negligent conduct) + 336 (Endangering life)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Aircraft Act 1934 (for airport vicinity), municipal bylaws
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both

345. Unauthorized Sky Lanterns: Fire Hazard

Meaning: In simple words, this means releasing sky lanterns (Chinese lanterns – paper balloons with fire) which can cause fire accidents, damage crops, harm birds, or fall on houses causing fires. Many states ban sky lanterns due to safety concerns. Releasing them without permission violates fire safety laws.
BNS Section: 285 (Negligent conduct with fire)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Various state orders banning sky lanterns
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both; additional fines under fire safety laws

346. Unauthorized Drone Flying: Airspace Violations

Meaning: In simple words, this means flying drones without proper registration, license, and permissions. Drones near airports, military installations, or over crowds without permission endanger safety and security. All drone operators must register with DGCA and follow drone rules. Flying drones in no-fly zones is serious offence.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special rules)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Drone registration documents)
Special Act: Aircraft Act 1934, Drone Rules 2021
Bail: Bailable (may be non-bailable near sensitive areas)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 2 years (under Aircraft Act)
Fine: Fine up to Rs. 10,00,000 (under Drone Rules 2021)

347. Laser Pointing at Aircraft: Aviation Interference

Meaning: In simple words, this means pointing laser beams at aircraft, which can temporarily blind pilots and cause accidents. Even small laser pointers can be dangerous from ground. Pointing lasers at planes landing or taking off is extremely dangerous and criminal offence endangering hundreds of lives.
BNS Section: 336 (Endangering life or personal safety)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Pilot reports)
Special Act: Aircraft Act 1934
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 2 years (under Aircraft Act)
Fine: Or with fine or with both

348. Public Smoking Violations: Tobacco Control Laws

Meaning: In simple words, this means smoking in prohibited public places – restaurants, offices, hospitals, schools, airports, railway stations, bus stands, public transport, or any air-conditioned public space. Second-hand smoke harms others’ health. Designated smoking zones are allowed in some places, but most public places are smoke-free.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 21 (Right to breathe smoke-free air)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (COTPA) Act 2003
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Fine up to Rs. 200 (under COTPA)
Fine: Rs. 200 (under COTPA)

349. Violating Quarantine During Epidemics: Public Health Emergency

Meaning: In simple words, this means breaking quarantine rules during disease outbreaks or epidemics – like leaving quarantine facility when infected with contagious disease, not isolating when tested positive for COVID-19, or violating lockdown orders during pandemic. Such violations endanger public health and spread disease.
BNS Section: 270-271 (Malignant act likely to spread infection)
Constitution Article: 21 (Public health)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Medical test reports)
Special Act: Epidemic Diseases Act 1897, Disaster Management Act 2005
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 1 year (under BNS) or up to 2 years (under Disaster Management Act)
Fine: And with fine or with both; under Disaster Management Act: fine up to Rs. 10,000

350. Mask Mandate Violations: COVID Protocol Breaches

Meaning: In simple words, this means not wearing masks in public places when government orders mandate mask-wearing during disease outbreaks like COVID-19. While mask mandates may be temporary during epidemics, violating them during active orders is punishable as it risks spreading infection to others.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by epidemic orders)
Constitution Article: 21 (Public health)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Epidemic Diseases Act 1897, Disaster Management Act 2005
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable (under epidemic orders)
Punishment: Fine under state orders (during COVID: Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,000 in most states)
Fine: Varies by state epidemic orders

351. Spreading Disease Through Negligence: Contagion Crimes

Meaning: In simple words, this means knowingly or negligently spreading infectious diseases – like a person with tuberculosis spitting in public knowing they can infect others, or someone with COVID-19 deliberately coughing on others, or knowingly spreading STDs without informing partner. Intentional disease spreading is serious crime.
BNS Section: 269-270 (Negligent/malignant act likely to spread infection)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Medical test reports proving infection)
Special Act: Epidemic Diseases Act 1897
Bail: Bailable (negligent), Non-Bailable (malignant)
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 6 months (negligent) or up to 2 years (malignant)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

352. Rumour Mongering During Disasters: Creating Panic

Meaning: In simple words, this means deliberately spreading false rumors during disasters, emergencies, or crises that create panic or hamper relief work – like spreading fake news about dam bursting during floods, false tsunami warnings, or fake information about medicine shortages during epidemics. Such rumors cause stampedes and deaths.
BNS Section: 353 (Statements conducing to public mischief)
Constitution Article: 19(2)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Social media posts)
Special Act: Disaster Management Act 2005
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years (under BNS) or up to 1 year (under Disaster Management Act)
Fine: Or with fine or with both

353. Obstructing Emergency Services: Hindering Rescue Operations

Meaning: In simple words, this means blocking or interfering with ambulances, fire engines, disaster rescue teams, or emergency services during their work. This includes not giving way to ambulances on roads, blocking fire engines, or interfering with rescue operations during disasters. Such obstruction can cost lives.
BNS Section: 200 (Obstructing public servant in discharge of duty)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence)
Special Act: Disaster Management Act 2005
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 months (under BNS) or up to 1 year (under Disaster Management Act)
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 2,500 (under BNS) or both

354. Misusing Emergency Numbers: False 100/108/112 Calls

Meaning: In simple words, this means making prank calls or false calls to emergency helpline numbers like police (100/112), ambulance (108), fire brigade (101), or women’s helpline (1091). False emergency calls waste resources and delay response to real emergencies where lives may be at stake.
BNS Section: 182 (Giving false information to public servant)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 56-93 (Call records)
Special Act: Indian Telegraph Act 1885
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 6 months
Fine: Or with fine which may extend to Rs. 1,000 or with both (Statutory maximum: Rs. 1,000)

355. Unauthorized Charity Collection: Fake Donation Scams

Meaning: In simple words, this means collecting donations or charity from public by pretending to represent legitimate NGOs, religious organizations, or disaster relief funds, but actually keeping the money for personal use. Fake charity collectors exploit people’s generosity. Always verify before donating.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating) + 419 (Cheating by personation)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Fake collection receipts)
Special Act: N/A
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

356. Fortune Telling and Astrology Fraud: Exploitation Through Superstition

Meaning: In simple words, this means cheating people by claiming supernatural powers to predict future, remove black magic, find lost things, or guarantee wealth/success through rituals – then extracting large amounts of money. While practicing astrology is legal, cheating people by making false guarantees and taking money is fraud.
BNS Section: 318 (Cheating)
Constitution Article: 21 & 51A(h) (Duty to develop scientific temper)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence of false promises)
Special Act: Various state laws against exploitation through superstition (like Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice and Other Inhuman, Evil and Aghori Practices and Black Magic Act 2013)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment which may extend to 7 years (if substantial cheating)
Fine: Or with fine or with both (BNS does not specify amount – at court’s discretion)

357. Witch-Hunting: Superstition-Based Violence

Meaning: In simple words, this means accusing someone (usually women) of being a witch and attacking, torturing, or killing them based on superstitious beliefs. Witch-hunting still happens in some rural areas of India. It’s murder/assault based on superstition and punished very severely. Several states have special laws against this practice.
BNS Section: 101-103 (Murder) or 115-117 (Hurt) depending on outcome
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 39-45 (Medical evidence)
Special Act: Various state laws (Jharkhand Prevention of Witch-Hunting Act 2001, Bihar Prevention of Witch Practices Act, etc.)
Bail: Non-Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Death or life imprisonment (for murder); imprisonment varies for assault (3-7 years under state laws)
Fine: And shall also be liable to fine; compensation to victims under state laws

358. Misuse of National Flag/Anthem: Disrespect vs Expression

Meaning: In simple words, this means using the National Flag or National Anthem in ways that disrespect them – wearing national flag as clothing, printing flag on disposable items, singing anthem in inappropriate contexts, or deliberately showing disrespect. However, Supreme Court has balanced this with freedom of speech – peaceful expression and creative representation may be allowed.
BNS Section: N/A (Covered by special act)
Constitution Article: 51A (Fundamental duty to respect national symbols) & 19(1)(a) (Freedom of speech)
BNSS Section: General investigation provisions (173-187) and trial procedures (254-352)
BSA Section: 54-55 (Oral evidence), 56-93 (Photo/video evidence)
Special Act: Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971
Bail: Bailable
Cognizability: Cognizable
Punishment: Imprisonment up to 3 years
Fine: Or with fine or with both (Prevention of Insults Act does not specify exact amount – at court’s discretion)

SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS (Not Counted in 358 Criminal Offences)

S1. Medical Examination of Rape Victims: Forensic Procedures

Meaning: In simple words, this means when a rape victim goes to police, she has the right to get a medical examination done by a doctor. This examination helps collect medical evidence (injuries, DNA samples) that can be used in court to prove the crime. The examination must be done with the victim’s consent, by a female doctor if possible, and with full privacy and dignity.
BNS Section: Referenced in Sections 63-73 (Rape and sexual offences)
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 184 (Medical examination of victim of rape)
BSA Section: 39-45 (Expert medical opinion)
Special Act: POCSO Act 2012 (if victim is minor – Section 27 mandates medical examination within 24 hours)
Nature: Procedural provision for victim rights and evidence collection
Key Provisions:
Examination to be conducted by registered medical practitioner
Consent required from victim (or guardian if minor/unable to consent)
Examination report to be submitted within 24 hours of examination
Privacy and dignity of victim to be maintained
Female victim to be examined by female doctor or in presence of female attendant
Two-finger test prohibited (Supreme Court directive)
Application: Immediate medical examination upon victim’s request or with consent; BNSS 184 does not specify time limit, but POCSO Act mandates within 24 hours for child victims

S2. Victim Compensation Schemes: Rights and Support

Meaning: In simple words, this means victims of serious crimes (like rape, acid attacks, murder of family member, trafficking) have the right to get financial compensation (money help) from the government to cover medical expenses, rehabilitation, and loss of income. This is to help victims rebuild their lives after the crime.
BNS Section: Referenced in Sections 63-73, 124, and other victim-related provisions
Constitution Article: 21
BNSS Section: 397-401 (Compensation to victims or their dependents)
BSA Section: 104-120 (Burden of proof in compensation claims)
Special Act:
POCSO Act 2012 (Section 33 – Compensation for child victims)
Criminal Law Amendment Act 2013
Victim Compensation Scheme notified by respective State Governments/UTs
Nature: Victim rights, rehabilitation, and financial support provision
Compensation Framework:
BNSS Section 397: Court may order accused to pay compensation to victim
BNSS Section 398: Compensation to be paid out of sentence fine
BNSS Section 399: District Legal Services Authority to award compensation
BNSS Section 400: Rehabilitation of victims
BNSS Section 401: Victim Impact Statement during trial
Compensation Range:
Amount varies by State/UT Victim Compensation Scheme
Generally ranges from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 10,00,000 depending on:
Nature and severity of crime
Physical/mental injury sustained
Medical expenses incurred
Loss of earning capacity
Rehabilitation needs
Specific amounts determined by District Legal Services Authority/State Victim Compensation Fund
Application: Victim or legal representative may apply for compensation within specified period as per state scheme

Disclaimer:
This information is compiled from the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, Constitution of India, and various special acts. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, this content is for general legal awareness and educational purposes only. For specific legal advice, please consult a qualified advocate. Fine amounts mentioned as “court’s discretion” may vary based on case circumstances. This resource is provided as a public service by (BRAC). If you find any error in this article, please email us at info@brac.in with the exact words or sentences that need correction. We welcome feedback to ensure accuracy.

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